1. – GENERAL SECTOR ISSUES

This research project examines the fish farming in seawater productive sector, regarding, for example, species such as giltheads, sea bass, mullet, croaker, sole, turbot, etc.

The companies that perform this type of processing belong to the larger category with ISTAT-ATECO ’91 code for the classification of business activities: “05.02.1 – Firms farming marine and lagoon fish, molluscs and crustaceans”, which in turn pertains to the category “05.02 – Fish farming”, part of productive sector “05 – Fishing, fish farming and associated services”.

Table 1 – ISTAT-ATECO ’91 classification of the productive sector

ISTAT aTECO ’91 enterprise code	denomination of enteRprise
ISTAT aTECO ’91 enterprise code	denomination of enteRprise
05.02	Fish farming
05.02.1	Enterprises for the breeding of marine and lagoon fish, molluscs and crustaceans. This class includes: - the production of oyster, mussels, young lobster and prawns’ eggs, other crustacean larvae and young fish and fry; - farming of ulva (sea lettuce) and other edible algae; - fish farming in sea water; - oyster farming.
05.02.2	Fresh water fish farming (also on agricultural farms).

Tab. 2 – Statistics on number of enterprises, employees, accidents and occupational illnesses.

FISHING
ITALY
Year	Total companies	Total workers	ACCIDENTS				OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESSES
			Reported	Type of consequence			Reported	Type of consequence
			Reported	Temporary	Permanent	Death	Reported	Temporary	Permanent	Death
1996	4,562	20,926	681	636	37	3
1997	4,546	22,403	684	625	42	9	2	0	1	0
1998	4,276	19,909	683	636	34	5
1999	4,033	19,476	670	625	32	2	1	0	1	0
2000	no record	no record	610	577	18	4	2	0	0	0
Total 1996-2000			3,328	3,099	163	23	5	0	2	0
TUSCANY
Year	Total companies	Total workers	ACCIDENTS				OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESSES
			Reported	Type of consequence			Denunciate	Type of consequence
			Reported	Temporary	Permanent	Death	Denunciate	Temporary	Permanent	Death
1996	311	569	57	53	4	0
1997	301	581	54	52	2	0	1	0	0	0
1998	282	572	49	43	3	0
1999	255	545	53	51	1	0
2000	No record	No record	18	17	1	0
Total 1996-2000			231	216	11	0	1	0	0	0

Source: INAIL

The reference area for this research study is the province of Grosseto, in particular the Diaccia Botrona lagoon near Castiglion della Pescaia, the Orbetello lagoon and surrounding area.

2. – GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE WORK CYCLE

Seawater fish farming in Tuscany is concentrated in the area surrounding the Orbetello lagoon for intensive farms and in the lagoon itself for semi-intensive and extensive farms and another swampy area adjacent to the sea in the municipality of Castiglion della Pescaia known as Diaccia Botrona.

Further small, experimental, semi-intensive farms are also present around the islands of Capraia and Gorgona.

With regards to intensive farming, the work cycle commences with the drawing of water, primarily from canals connected to the sea by special water pumps in certain cases integrated with water table water from artesian wells subject to grid cleaning and/or filtering and climatisation.

Fish reproduction and fry breeding are only carried out in two sector firms, in special tanks, whereas the other companies purchase fry from external producers.

The cycle continues with fish feeding in the intensive farming tanks, using fodder produced externally, tank oxygenation and finally fishing and packaging.

Semi-intensive and extensive breeding is practiced in the brackish area along the coast between Mount Argentario and the dry land that covers an area of approximately 2,700 hectares, connected to the open sea by the Nassa and Ansedonia canals. A third canal, the Fidia canal, connects it with the Albegna River, close to its estuary. Lagoon fishing is performed using peschiere or lavorieri, fixed structures located at the mouths of the canals leading to the sea, or alternatively is performed using nets, manoeuvred by special craft. The fish that are fished in this way are then packaged and dispatched.

Below is a block diagram of the work cycle.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE WORK CYCLE

DRAWING AND TREATMENT OF WATER FOR FARMING TANKS

DESCRIPTION OF THE PHASE

The water used in marine farming tanks is continuously re-circulated and changed by water pumps and a system of canals that connect the tanks to one anther and to the waters surrounding the farm.

If the farm is located in a swampy area adjacent to the sea, the water is drawn from a swampy canal using one or more water pumps connected to the sea and outside the farm. The water drawn is introduced into a first tank with the aim of allowing it to decant before using it in the farming tanks. This first tank can be connected to others with the same purpose, known lagoon tanks.

Before being introduced into the first lagoon tank, the water from the canal passes through a grid that retains any undesired coarse particles (primarily underwater vegetation). This grid requires periodic cleansing in order to remove the residue that builds up on it, which would otherwise hinder the passage of water. An automatic machine known as a grid cleaner is used to clean the grid.

The material removed during grid cleansing operations, mainly of plant origin such as algae and lake plants, is periodically removed using a mechanical blade and loaded on to lorries for transportation to their final disposal site.

In certain sector companies, the water is also taken from underwater sources using Artesian wells. In this case the water is subject to filtration using mechanical sand filters and, if necessary, further treatment.

For the tanks destined for fry (newly-hatched baby fish) breeding, the water is sometimes subject to sterilisation by means of irradiation using ultraviolet rays.

Fig. 1. Grid cleaner on the water canals used in fish farming. On the right (under the end of the conveyor belt) the build up of materials resulting from grid cleaning is visible.

Fig. 2. Grid cleaner. The machine’s control panel is shown on the right.

Fig. 3. First lagoon tank. The pipe that introduces the water from the canal is visible on the left.

Fig. 4. Second lagoon tank (connected to the first by a system of canals).

Fig. 5. Water pumps for drawing water from the canal.

Fig. 6. Mechanical sand filter for the water used in intensive farming tanks.

Fig. 7. Mechanical sand filter (on the left) and plate heat exchanger (on the right).

Fig. 8. Ultraviolet sterilisation plant for fry tank water.

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

Grid cleaning machine

This is an automatic, electrically powered machine that can be started up and stopped either automatically (with a programmable timer) or manually. This machine removes all the material that builds up on the grid through which the water taken from the canal upstream passes.

The grid cleaner is essentially composed of a rake mounted on a mobile trolley on rails. The rake moves in a perpendicular direction to the grid on vertical tracks, it rakes the material deposited on a stretch of the grid upwards and places it on a conveyor belt. The trolley then advances a little and the operation is repeated on another part of the grid. When it reaches the end, the trolley returns to the starting point and recommences. The first section of the conveyor belt runs parallel to the rail and then rises to continue along another stretch in order to facilitate build up on the ground of the materials that falls off the end of the belt.

Water pump

This is an electrically-powered, vertical centrifuge pump designed for work with large quantities and low head, connected on the suction side to the withdrawal tube or directly immersed in the waters and on the delivery side, connected to the water supply pipe to the farm.

Mechanical sand filter

This is an almost spherical filter that uses sand as a filtering element. Cleaning takes place against the current. The filter is fitted with an upper spout for sand replacement, which usually occurs once a year.

UV water sterilisation system (UV)

This is a system of electrically powered lamps producing UV rays to irradiate the water that passes through a special pipeline. The entire system is enclosed in a protective case and the system is only used for fry tanks, which contain small quantities of water.

RISK FACTORS

The main risk factors to workers potentially present during this work phase are described below.

Work near moving mechanical parts

description

The moving trolley of the grid cleaning machine could collide with any workers in its path. The grid cleaning rake could potentially strike, grasp and drag any workers within its range of action. The grid cleaner’s conveyor belt, could also grasp and drag unless adequately protected.

expected damage

Injuries and contusions.

preventative measures

The moving trolley can be equipped with sensitive bars that halt the machine if touched (see figure). Machine start-up can also be preceded by optic and acoustic signals. The conveyor belt drive organs can be protected by fixed shield or interblock devices. The machine must be fitted with an emergency stop device (which cannot be replaced by the devices listed above). The area in which the machine is working should be shut off and a sign forbidding worker access should be posted. Particular caution should be employed during routine machine maintenance and cleaning. These operations should only be performed with the machine switched off and the competent worker should remove the key from the control panel before commencing, in order to prevent the risk of someone starting the machine during the operation. Workers must be adequately informed and trained.

reference norms

- Art. 6 “Workers’ duties” Presidential Decree no.547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Art. 41 “Machinery protection and safety” Presidential Decree no.547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Sect. III, para. III "Drives and gears" Presidential Decree no.547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Art. 68 “Protection of working parts and operating area of machinery” Presidential Decree no.547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Art. 72 “Protection equipment blockage” Presidential Decree no.547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Art. 73 “Machinery feeding and discharge apertures” Presidential Decree no.547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Art. 76 and 77 "Controls for starting up machinery" Presidential Decree no.547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Art. 81 "Control with multiple block device" Presidential Decree no.547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Art. 82 "Blockage of the machine off position" Presidential Decree no.547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Art. 233 "Control and manoeuvre organs" Presidential Decree no.547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Tit. IX "Maintenance and repairs" Presidential Decree no.547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Art. 4 "Employer, manager or supervisor duties" Legislative Decree no.626 of the 19.09.1994.

- Tit. III “Use of work equipment” Legislative Decree no.626 of the 19.09.1994.

- Presidential Decree no.459 of the 24.07.1996 (Machinery Directive).

- Standards UNI EN 291/2, 291/2, 614/1, 294, 349, 811, 418, 1037, 1088, 574, 982, 983, 1012/1, 1012/2

Fig. 9. Grid cleaning machine depositing the material removed onto the conveyor belt parallel to the machine’s horizontal track. The optic signals of the sensitive bar are visible.

Transiting in areas with openings in the ground.

description

The pipes for drawing the water from the canals and/or re-circulation between the various tanks are often buried and there are holes (usually with solid walls) in the ground corresponding to the places where water pumps or flywheels are installed for manual valve opening/closure. If the holes are left open and are not equipped with parapets, there is a risk that workers might fall into them.

expected damage

Traumatic lesions.

preventative measures

- Protect any openings in the ground using parapets and foot bands or alternatively cover with metal grids, closing off and signposting the area around the hole in the event of temporary removal of the grid should worker access be required.

- Signpost the hazard and the obstacle if the area is used by transiting vehicles.

- Inform and train workers.

reference norms

- Art. 8 “Traffic routes, hazard zones, floorings and passages” Presidential Decree no.547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Legislative Decree n. 626/1994 and subsequent amendments and integrations.

Fig. 10. Protection of a hole in the ground using a metal grid.

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation

description

Workers may be exposed to UV radiation if the lid on the water sterilisation system is removed. Low wavelength UV radiation causes the formation of ozone through a photochemical reaction with the oxygen present in the air.

expected damage

Concentrations of ozone in the workplace exceeding 0.1 ppm can burn the eyes and irritate the respiratory tract.

Eye irritation may also be caused by direct exposure to UV rays.

preventative measures

- Avoid opening the sterilisation system lid when the UV lamps are switched on.

- Wear special goggles to protect the eyes from UV radiation.

- Guarantee adequate air changeover in the workplace.

- Adequate worker information and training.

reference norms

- Presidential Decree no. 303 of the 1956 and subsequent amendments and integrations.

- Legislative Decree n. 626 of the 1994 and subsequent amendments and integrations.

SUB-CONTRACTING

This phase is not sub-contracted to third parties as it comprises a fundamental part of the productive cycle of sector firms.

EXTERNAL IMPACT

The main factors of environmental impact of this work phase are listed below.

Water consumption

Drawing water from Artesian wells may impoverish the water table.

Production of waste

The material resulting from grid cleaning work, which is primarily of plant origin, such as algae, water vegetation, etc., is periodically collected and disposed of. The possibility of processing the material for recovery (such as use as an organic fertilizer) should be considered.

REPRODUCTION AND FRY BREEDING

DESCRIPTION OF THE PHASE

Certain businesses breed fish internally. The fish used for reproductive purposes are male and female specimens (usually of 3 – 6 years of age) that are larger than the calibre usually found in commerce. Eggs are produced once a year in different periods, according to the species. Males and females are put in the same tank and a few days later, the females lay their eggs, which are then fertilized by sperm from the males. Sterilised eggs are removed from the surface of the tanks (unlike fresh water fish eggs, which sink to the bed, those laid by marine fish float). The eggs removed are weighed in order to count them and then placed in special containers until they hatch.

Fig. 11. Reproduction fish (in this particular case, croakers) in a cement tank.

Fig. 12. Containers used for hatching fish eggs.

When the eggs hatch, the larvae are born, which will start to feed 4-5 days later when they open their mouths.

From an embryonic stage until they reach a few centimetres in length, the fish are known as fry. On birth they are approximately 1 – 3 mm long and are placed in fry tanks where the water is heated to guarantee a suitable temperature for their development, continuously changed and oxygenated. In order to prevent the fry from being sucked into the water leaving the tank, it passes through a very fine net wrapped around a perforated tube positioned vertically in the tank. Oxygenation is guaranteed by an injection of liquid oxygen.

Fig. 13. Rectangular tanks in the fry department.

Fry are initially fed on zooplankton and later with artemia salina or brine shrimp before subsequently weaning them using powdered food. Weaning requires the replacement of the netting on the tube with one with larger holes, to prevent it clogging with food, for the same reason a worker also periodically cleans the net using a long-handled brush. When the netting needs replacing, the fry and the water they swim in are transferred to another tank.

When the fry reach a length of 2-3 cm, they are transferred to nursery tanks (which are also housed inside covered areas) where they remain approximately 2 – 3 months before being transferred into open-air tanks for intensive growth and fattening or are alternatively transferred to the lagoon for extensive farming.

Fig. 14. Circular tanks in the fry department, with artemia salina-based feeding.

Fig. 15. Container full of artemia salina used to feed fry.

Artemia salina is composed of micro-organisms (crustaceans) and is used as live fry fodder. Certain firms reproduce artemia salina internally. Artemia salina eggs can be stored for many years if kept dry; when wetted with salt water their development recommences and after approximately 18 hours at 25°C they hatch and the larvae, which in the initial larval stage, are orange, are born. Approximately 12 hours after hatching, the embryos mutate into a second larval state and start to filter water in order to feed on particles of various micro-algae, bacteria and debris. In order to become adults, artemia salina embryos require approximately 8 days and growth takes them through several stages. Adults measure 2mm –2 cm in length.

Fig. 16. Artemia salina breeding tanks.

Fig. 17. Detail of a circular fry tank with automatic feeder.

Fig. 18. Automatic spring-loaded feeder for fry in nursery tanks.

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

Fry tanks

These tanks can vary in shape (round or parallelepiped) and are far smaller than those used for the adult fish. They are made of glass fibre, plastic or other materials and are fitted with water re-circulation, oxygenation and heating equipment and systems for introducing fodder into the tank.

The heating of tank water can be performed in various ways, for example using electric resistances or piping or coils through which warm water from underground heat sources or various heat sources (such as discharge water from thermoelectric cooling systems) passes or alternatively they are heated by a dedicated boiler.

RISK FACTORS

The main risk factors for workers during this work phase are described below.

Transit on slippery floors and/or flooring with holes and/or obstacles of various types.

description

The fry department floor tends to be continuously wet, and thus there is a risk of slipping and falling. The floor also sometimes has drainage holes, which may cause slips and falls. This risk is further increased by the presence of hoses for transferring water from the tanks, rubber piping for rinsing, etc.

expected damage

Traumatic lesions caused by falls on the floor due to slipping or tripping.

preventative measures

- Flooring made from non-slip materials, with tiles spaced apart from one another for improved liquid run-off, if necessary with a suitable grid or slope and with collection systems for the water that falls on the floor;

- Cover any holes in the floor with metal grids;

- Wear footwear with non-slip soles; a particular note should be dedicated to the widespread use of Wellington boots amongst workers, even during those operations for which they are not strictly necessary; this practice should be discouraged as it hinders transpiration, thus making the worker prone to foot rot and infections; the use of Wellington boots should therefore be restricted to cases in which they are strictly necessary in order to avoid getting wet and should be removed as soon as the operation is terminated;

- Correct pipe and cable arrangement to minimise the hindrance to passage;

- Correct work organisation and removal of materials and equipment immediately after use.

reference norms

- Art. 8 “Traffic routes, hazard zones, floorings and passages”, Presidential Decree no.547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Art. 7, comma 2 and comma 4 "Floors" Presidential Decree no. 303 of the 19.03.1956.

- British Ceramic Research Association standards.

- DIN 51098 standards

- Legislative Decree n. 626/1994 and subsequent amendments and integrations.

Fig. 19. Gridded flooring along the tanks in the fry department.

Manual load handling

description

Manual handling in this work phase is primarily due to the transfer of artemia salina containers (see figures above) around the fry tanks. These containers are generally speaking large plastic buckets with two handles. If the handle breaks, the load could fall with the risk that the workers’ lower extremities could be struck.

expected damage

Musculoskeletal disorders.

Injuries and contusions to lower extremities if material falls.

preventative measures

- Evaluation of the possibility of mechanising the operation, in other words, using aids for handling (trolleys, etc.).

- Correct work organisation.

- Check that the containers are in good conditions and that the handles are intact.

- Two workers should share the handling of a container.

- Workers must wear personal protection devices (safety shoes with toecaps) and must be adequately informed and trained.

reference norms

- Legislative Decree 626 of the 1994.

- ISO/CD 11226 standard of the 21.12.2000 "Ergonomics – An evaluation of work postures ".

Working near electrical appliances in damp environments

description

The fry room contains electric appliances and installations for lighting, electrical sockets and sometimes electrical resistances for heating tank water. Routine tank washing can interest the entire plant and electric panels can be subject to squirts of water, with the consequential risk of short circuits and indirect contact with live parts.

expected damage

Electrocution with risk of death

damage recorded

In one sector firm a lethal accident occurred involving a worker who, whilst cleaning a tank, struck a water heater constituted by an electrical resistance protected by a glass case and immersed inside the tank. The blow caused the breakage of the casing and consequent electrocution.

preventative measures

Electrical appliance and equipment must be suited to the place in which it is installed, in particular electrical panels and machine controls must be waterproof. Particular caution should be used when electric devices (electrical resistances, etc.) are located inside the tanks and they must be adequately protected and manufactured using suitable materials. Following the accident mentioned above, all tank water heaters composed of resistances with glass casing installed in sector firms were replaced by resistances protected by metal pipes connected to an earthing system.

It should be remembered that the electric system must be performed by an authorised installation firm following design specifications (including diagrams and technical report) signed by a qualified professional. The installation firm must issue a declaration of conformity and a qualified professional, other that the designer, must issue an approval certificate. ISPESL must be sent an earthing report (form “B”) and routine checks should be requested of the local health unit for the area. A copy of the abovementioned papers must be kept in the company, available for inspection by the competent authorities.

Workers must be adequately informed and trained.

reference norms

- Law no. 791 of the 18.10.1977 "Implementation of European Council directive (no. 72/23/EEC) on safety guarantees for electrical material destined for use within certain voltage limits ".

- Section VII of Presidential Decree no. 547/1955 "Plant, machinery and various equipment".

- Decree of the Min. of Industry of the 13.03.1987 "Publication of the summarised list of harmonised norms combined with the assimilation and publication of further (group 4) Italian texts of the corresponding IEC standards, as per Art. 3 of law of the 18^th October 1977, no. 791, on the implementation of directive no. 73/23/EEC on the safety guarantees for electric material"

- Law no. 46 of the 05.03.1990 "Plant safety standards".

- Decree of the Ministry of Industry 12.02.1996 "Publication of the summarised list of harmonised norms combined with the assimilation and publication of further (group 4) texts of the corresponding harmonized standards as per Art. 3 of law of the 18^th October 1977, no. 791, on the implementation of directive no. 73/23/EEC on safety guarantees for electric material ".

- Legislative Decree no. 626 of the 25.11.1996 "Implementation of directive 93/68/EEC, on the CE marking of electrical material destined for use within certain voltage limits ".

- Ministerial Decree no. 322 of the 24.6.1991 “Regulations of the services provided by the National Institute for Prevention and Safety at work”.

- Presidential Decree no. 447 of the 06.12.1991 “Regulations for the implementation of Law no.46 of the 05.03.1990 on plant safety”.

- Presidential Decree no. 462 of the 22.10.2001 “Regulation of the simplification of the procedure for reporting devices and installations providing protection against atmospheric discharges, earthing systems and hazardous electrical plant”

SUB-CONTRACTING

This phase is often sub-contracted to third parties: many sector firms buy the fry and allow them to grow, until they reach commercial calibre.

EXTERNAL IMPACT

The main factors of environmental impact for this phase of the production cycle are listed below.

Water drainage

Drainage waters originating from the continuous changeover of fry tank water can contain pollutants constituted by fish food and excrements and must therefore be taken to a decanting and purification basin before being released into the surrounding water.

DELIVERY AND STORAGE OF RAW MATERIALS

DESCRIPTION OF THE PHASE

Fish food can be delivered to sector firms in sacks (arranged on pallets, transported to the firm on lorries and stored in the warehouse or underneath canopies using lift trucks), however more frequently it is delivered loose in tankers, which then unload pneumatically into silos.

In order to minimise possible deterioration of the fish food during transfer to the silos, it is common practice in sector firms to fill them from above, using a hose that the worker introduces into the upper spout manually (rather than filling the silos from below by connecting the tanker’s hose to that of the silos).

Other raw materials delivered to firms include the materials used for packing the fish, cleaning tanks and working environments, and liquid oxygen (transported in tankers and stored in special tanks) for subsequent injection into the intensive farming tanks.

In firms where they are not bred internally, fry are also delivered in small tankers.

Fig. 20. Fish food storage silos. Note the ladder for access to the top of each silo fitted with protective caging to prevent falls.

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

Fish food storage silos

These are large glass-fibre containers with a cylindrical middle section and a conical part above and below. The glass-fibre container is held upright by a metal tubular tripod, to which a ladder for worker access to the top of the container is fixed.

The container is fitted with an upper spout (generally used for filling operations), connected to a metal slide beneath which smaller containers are placed in order to be filled with the fodder as required. The food flows out of the silos under the force of gravity when a worker activates the lever that opens the lower spout.

The silos also usually have a vertical pipe, the top of which leads into the silos and the bottom of which is suitable for connection to a hose through which the product can be filled by pneumatic means from below directly from the tanker.

RISK FACTORS

The main risk factors to workers during this phase of the work cycle are described below.

Work at a height

description

Access to the top of the silos presents a potential risk of workers falling from above. There is also the risk that whilst a worker climbs the silos, the supporting tripod or the ground on which it rests could give way, which could cause the silos to fall. This has already occurred in one sector firm.

expected damage

Traumatic lesions

damage recorded

In one sector firm, a lethal accident was caused by the fall of a silos, while a worker was climbing it.

preventative measures

- Equip the access ladder at the top of the silos with protective caging to prevent falls.

- Avoid installing silos directly on the ground, by providing a solid base (for example, in cement).

- Restrict access to the top of the silos to specialised personnel and only when strictly necessary, favouring filling from below.

reference norms

- Presidential Decree no.547 of 1955 and subsequent amendments and integrations.

- Legislative Decree no. 626 of 1994 and subsequent amendments and integrations.

Vehicle transit

description

The vehicles used for delivering raw materials (fodder, liquid oxygen, packing materials) and those that transport the fish, transit the forecourts of the farms. This entails a risk of workers being run over and the risk of vehicles colliding.

expected damage

Traumatic lesions caused by workers run over by vehicles or collisions between vehicles.

prevention

Arrange and indicate (using horizontal and vertical signs) separate routes for vehicles and pedestrians. Establish and indicate a speed restriction of 5 km/h. According to the size of the forecourt, evaluate the possibility of establishing, indicating and enforcing one way routes.

reference norms

- Art. 8 “Traffic routes, hazard zones, floors and passages” Presidential Decree no. 547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Legislative Decree no. 626/1994 and subsequent amendments and integrations.

Fig. 21. Liquid oxygen cylinder in a sector firm.

SUB-CONTRACTING

The transportation of raw materials is usually performed by specialised haulage firms.

EXTERNAL IMPACT

Connected vehicle traffic

The vehicles that deliver the raw materials and those that collect the fish may constitute connected vehicle traffic.

Impact on the surrounding landscape

In areas of particular interest for the characteristics of their landscape, the silos used for storing fodder and liquid oxygen, given their height, shape and colour, may create a negative impact. In such areas, it may be advisable to consider covering the silos or restricting their height.

FEEDING THE FISH AND OXYGENATING THE INTENSIVE FARMING TANKS

DESCRIPTION OF THE PHASE

When the fry become adult fish, they are transferred to the intensive farming tanks where the so-called fattening phase takes place. The fry are transferred using special cisterns that are towed by or mounted on motor vehicles.

The fish are kept in intensive farming tanks and fed with fodder until they reach commercial calibre (after 2- 5 years) or for a shorter period, until they are large enough to be “freed” into extensive farming lagoons.

Fodder can be supplied to the tanks in a number of ways. In smaller firms it is sometimes distributed manually, with a “sowing” movement. Certain firms have special fodder sprayers that are driven by workers around the tanks. However, the most commonly adopted system is that of feeders fixed to the edge of the tanks and fitted with an automatic dispenser that introduces the food in preset doses and at preset intervals. Feeders are filled manually by workers. The fodder is transferred from the silos to the feeder area in containers transported by mechanical devices, usually tractors with trailers.

The tanks must be oxygenated for the fish to survive. This occurs using a variety of methods using floating blade/rotor aerators or with liquid oxygen injection into the water.

Fig. 22. Intensive farming tank. Not a floating blade aerator in the foreground and on the left in the background a row of 8 fodder storage silos.

Fig. 23. Fish feeding using a vehicle that sprays the fodder into the intensive farming tank.

Fig. 24. Vehicle that sprays the fodder into the intensive farming tanks.

Fig. 25. Tractor loaded with containers of food and equipment for the manual filling of the automatic feeders mounted on the side of intensive farming tanks.

Fig. 26. Intensive farming tanks. In this case the edge of the tanks are covered with PVC sheets that are thermowelded together; the tanks are approximately 1.5m deep.

Fig. 27. Intensive farming tanks. Detail of automatic feeders halfway between the two tanks.

Fig. 28. Intensive farming tank with automatic feeder on swivel support.

Fig. 29. Single rotor and oxygen injection aerator.

Fig. 30. Tank oxygenation by means of direct oxygen injection.

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

Intensive farming tanks

These are partially or completely sunken tanks of various shapes and sizes. The bottom of the tank may be totally or partially in brick or cement, sometimes with a lining of thermowelded PVC tarpaulins. The profile of the bottom of non-sunken circular or parallelepiped tanks is generally flat, whilst the profile of the larger, sunken tanks usually has an upside-down trapezoid shape in order favour fishing when the tank is partially emptied of water.

Floating aerators

These are electrically powered machines made of materials that resist corrosion from brine. Several different types are available: single rotor, stirring blades, with or without an oxygen injection device. They have rings for attaching ropes or other retainers to keep them in a fixed position on the surface of the tank.

Fodder sprayer vehicle

This is a diesel-fuelled vehicle with a cabin and wheels, fitted with a hopper with lid for holding the fodder, a fodder spraying device, composed of a centrifuge pump or similar, and a fodder outlet tube inclined upwards at an angle of 45°.

Automatic feeder

This is a small cylindrical recipient fitted with a lid with a truncated cone-shaped bottom and that ends in a pressure-operated lateral feeding dispenser activated by an electric motor in turn commanded by a programmable timer device installed in the electric panel next to the tank.

RISK FACTORS

The main risk factors to workers potentially present during this phase of the work cycle are described below.

Work near moving mechanical parts

description

The floating aerator blades or rotors present the potential risk of striking, grasping and dragging any workers who approach them when in motion.

This risk is due mainly to the fact that the moving parts are difficult to protect using shields or grids because they are prone to the build up of algae and other residues and the presence of protective devices could cause the blades or rotor to choke and stop.

expected damage

Injuries and contusions.

preventative measures

- Arrange and enforce the prohibition to approach aerators in motion.

- Adequate worker information and training.

reference norms

- Presidential Decree no.547 of 1955.

- Legislative Decree n.626 of 1994.

- Presidential Decree no. 459 of the 24.07.1996 (Machinery directive).

Manual load handling

description

Manual load handling during this phase of the work phase is primarily due to manual fodder distribution and the filling of the fixed feeders.

expected damage

Musculoskeletal disorders.

preventative measures

- Use handling aids.

- Correct work organisation.

- Adequate worker information and training.

reference norms

- Sect. V and Enclosure 6 of Legislative Decree no.626 of the 10.09.1994.

- UNI ISO standard 938

Exposure to noise

description

Exposure to noise during this work phase is primarily caused by fodder spraying machines, rotor- or blade-powered aerators and fixed automatic feeders.

Personal exposure is generally limited, given the infrequency of workers operating near noisy machinery.

expected damage

Continuous exposure to medium – high noise levels can cause hearing damage (noise-related hypoacusis) and or non-hearing related disorders that may also arise at levels lower than those for which standards and regulations prescribe specific preventative measures.

Communication disorders and a deterioration in worker performance may also occur.

preventative measures

Noise levels must be evaluated under Legislative Decree 277/1991. Use machinery that generates the lowest possible noise levels and keep it in good working order.

Should personal exposure exceed 80dB(A), the preventative measures established by Legislative Decree 277/91 and summarised in the table entitled “Noise exposure limit values” given in this document in the “General reference norms” chapter, should be applied.

reference norms

- Art. 24 "Noises and shaking" Presidential Decree no.303 of the 19.03.1956.

- Para. IV “Worker protection against the risks of exposure during work” Legislative Decree no.277 of the 15.08.1991.

- Presidential Decree no.459 of the 24.07.1996 “Regulations for the implementation of directives 89/392/EEC, 91/368/EEC, 93/44/EEC and 93/68/EEC concerning the approximation of member state legislation on machinery” (Machinery directive).

Exposure to vibrations

description

Workers that drive the fodder spraying vehicle may be exposed to vibrations.

expected damage

Continuous exposure to vibrations of the entire body may cause back pain and disorders, as well as hindering accurate movements.

Continuous exposure to vibrations of the hand-arm complex can be the cause of an occupational illness known as Raynaud Syndrome (also known as white finger); a vasoplastic alteration of the microcirculation of the hand due to exposure to vibrations and favoured by exposure to low temperatures and cigarette smoke. The onset of this pathology depends on the frequency and extent of exposure.

preventative measures

- Use low vibration machinery with a low vibrational impact and maintain in good working order.

- Adequate worker information and training.

reference norms

- Decree of the Ministry of Labour of the 18.04.1973 "List of illnesses for which compulsory reports must be made against occupational accidents and professional illnesses "

- Art. 46, para. I, Sect. III "Machinery shaking and vibrations" Presidential Decree no. 547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Art. 24, para. II, Sect. II "Noise and shaking" Presidential Decree no. 303 of the 19.3.1956

- 9.9.3 EEC/AEEC/EC Directive no. 663 of the 22.12.1986: "Council Directive of the 22 December 1986 for the approximation of member state on mobile trolleys for handling operations ".

- 1.5.9 EEC/AEEC/EC Directive no. 392 of the 14.06.1989: "Council Directive of the 14 June 1989 concerning the approximation of Member State legislation on machines".

- 1.5.9 "Field of application and definitions" and 3.2.2 "Harmonised standards and equivalent provisions" Presidential Decree no. 459 of the 24.07.1996

- EC Circular dated 22 March 1997 (CEN-EN 1032): "Commission Notification within the framework of the application of council directive 89/392/EEC, of the 14 June 1989 on machines, amended by Council Directive 91/368/EEC, 93/44/EEC and 93/68/EEC".

- UNI-EN standard no. 30326-1 of the 01.04.1997 (see 6.1.37): "Mechanical vibration – Laboratory method for the assessment of vibrations on vehicle seats – minimum requisites".

- Ministerial Decree 30.05.1997 (UNI-EN 1033, 1997) "List of the harmonised standards adopted under comma 2 of Art. 3 of Presidential Decree 24 July 1996, no. 459 (2): “Regulations for the implementation of Council Directives 89/392/EEC, 91/368/EEC, 93/44/EEC and 93/68/EEC concerning the approximation of Member State legislation on the same ".

- EC circular dated 04.06.1997 (CEN-EN 1299, 1997): "Commission circular within the framework of the application of council directive 89/392/EEC of the 14 June 1989 on machines, amended by directives 91/368/EEC, 93/44/EEC and 93/68/EEC".

Transit in slippery areas and near to sunken tanks

description

Transit close to the edge of sunken tanks (for example in order to fill the fixed feeders on the sides of the tanks), especially if the pathway around the edge of the tanks is coated in PVC or other slippery material, exposes workers to the risk of slipping and falling into the tanks.

expected damage

Traumatic lesions, drowning.

preventative measures

- Assess where it is possible to install parapets around the sunken tanks and provide non-slip walkways.

- Wear footwear with non-slip soles.

- For operations that could require workers to walk around the side of the tank and/or lean over (for example for manual filling of feeders), provide fixed systems for attaching the worker’s safety belt to. These hazardous operations must be carefully monitored and assisted by another worker. In order to avoid the need to lean over, the feeders can be installed on swivel supports that can be activated from a safe and non-slippery position on the ground.

- Install hazard warning signs and signs forbidding access to unauthorised persons.

- In the event of nocturnal work around the tanks, adequate lighting must be provided.

- Adequate worker information and training.

reference norms

- Art. 8 “Traffic routes, hazard zones, floors and passages” Presidential Decree no.547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Legislative Decree no. 626/1994 and subsequent amendments and integrations.

Fig. 31. Hazard warning sign installed in a sector company.

Night-time work

description

Intensive farming plants require non-stop surveillance. It goes without say that most tasks are performed during the daytime, whereas during the night workers check that the equipment, and the aeration systems in particular, is in good working order, taking swift action if necessary, for example to replace an aerator should it stop due to technical problems. In just a short space of time, a significant drop in the amount of oxygen dissolved in the water would cause the death of all the fish present in the tank.

Night-time surveillance operations also prevent poachers from entering the premises.

expected damage

Night-time work can cause alterations to sleep-wake rhythms and Circadian biorhythms in general, unbalance of eating habits, short-temperedness, an inclination to depression and other possible repercussions on the worker’s family and social life.

preventative measures

Work shifts should be organised in order to minimise the number of consecutive nights worked by any one worker, schedule work shifts for times that respect biorhythms (sleep, meals, etc.) and inform workers of the shift rota with sufficient notice.

Night-time work regulations were recently innovated by Legislative Decree no. 532 of the 26.11.1999 and Legislative Decree no. 151 of the 26.03.2001, which can be consulted for further details. It should be pointed out that the employer must organise and pay for, by means of a Competent Doctor, preventative, periodic checks on night-time staff aimed at ensuring they do not suffer the side effects of night-time work and check their health every two years. Should conditions arise that make the worker unsuitable for night-time work, confirmed by the competent doctor, the worker is guaranteed appointment to other daytime work and roles. Employers cannot force the following worker categories to perform night-time work:

- Working mothers with children under 3 years of age or alternatively, a working father living in the same house;

- Single parent mothers or fathers that have custody of a child under 12 years of age;

- Workers that support a disabled person.

It is forbidden to appoint women to night-time work (midnight to 6.00 a.m.) from the certification of pregnancy until the time their child reaches the age of one.

Prior to appointment, the employer must inform night-time workers and the Safety Officer of the greater risks, if any, deriving from the performance of night-time work. For example, given the reduced presence of personnel at night, workers should be left alone in a department, in order to guarantee the required assistance in the event of an accident.

reference norms

- Legislative Decree no.532 of 26.11.1999 "Provisions concerning night-time work, under Art. 17, comma 2, of law no.25 of the 05.02.1999". This decree assimilates in Italy the principles of European Directive 93/104/EC on certain aspects of work shift organisation. The decree is applied to all public and private employers using staff performing night-time work, with the exception of transport workers and junior doctors".

- Legislative Decree of 26.3.2001 no.151 “Consolidation Act of provisions concerning the protection of and support to motherhood and fatherhood under law 8.3.2000 no.53.”

SUB-CONTRACTING

Generally speaking, this phase is not subcontracted to third parties as it constitutes a fundamental part of the productive cycle of sector firms.

EXTERNAL IMPACT

The main factors of environmental impact during this phase of the work cycle are described below.

Noise diffusion

The noise caused by fodder spraying machines, blade and rotor aerators and fixed automatic feeders can cause disturbance to resident populations, especially during the night.

FISHING IN INTENSIVE FARMING TANKS

DESCRIPTION OF THE PHASE

When the fish in the farming tanks are believed to be sufficiently large and ready for sale, the tank is partially drained using a water pump, in order to gather the fish in the deepest area with approximately 50 cm of water. According to the quantity of fish one desires to fish, workers drop a net at one end or at another point (for example, in the centre) and then trawl it towards the other end, where they close the nets and remove the fish using a small net.

Fig. 32. Water pumps on the edge of a farming tank that has been partially emptied for fishing.

Fig. 33. Trawling the net in the last section of a large tank that has been partially emptied during fishing.

Fig. 34. Closure of the net in the last section of the tank during fishing.

Fig. 35. Preparing the net for the fish to be removed using the small net.

Fig. 36. Removing the fish using a small net.

Fig. 37. Emptying the small net into the hopper that loads the fish onto the conveyor belt.

Depending on the shape of the tank and the nature of the company, a conveyor belt is sometimes positioned on the edge of the tank in order to transfer the fish to the collection point.

The captured fish are sometimes transferred to smaller tanks where they are kept alive in order to be fished immediately prior to sale. A special cistern is used to transfer the fish from the farming tank to the pre-sale tank.

However, when, as usually occurs, it is not necessary to keep the captured fish alive, they are introduced into perforated plastic baskets to favour water drainage.

Fig. 38. Emptying the small net into the hopper for loading onto the conveyor belt.

Fig. 39. Transfer of fish from conveyor belt to transport tanker.

Fig. 40. Detail of conveyor belt and transport tanker towed by a tractor.

Fig. 41. Overview of the fishing area with conveyor belt and cistern towed by a tractor.

Fig. 42. Tractor-towed cistern. The smaller container behind the driver contains the liquid oxygen that is supplied to the cistern in order to keep the fish alive.

Fig. 43.
Pre-sale tanks.

Fig. 44. Pre-sale tanks. Note the fishing net laid out to dry.

Fig. 45. Sea bass in a pre-sale tank.

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

Hopper and conveyor belt

This is a stainless steel hopper connected to the electrically-powered conveyor belt on which the live fish are placed. The conveyor belt takes the fish from where they are fished (on the bottom of the tank) to the collecting baskets or cistern truck

Mobile cistern

This is a small glass-fibre or stainless steel cistern used to transfer the live fish, mounted on a special diesel-powered vehicle or a trolley towed by a tractor. The cistern has an upper spout (from which it is filled with water and through which the live fish fall from the conveyor belt described above) and a lower spout to which a stainless steel slide can be attached in order to empty the cistern of live fish and water into the pre-sale tank. The same machine can be used to transfer young fish, from the nursery tanks to the intensive farming tanks or the extensive farming lagoon.

In order to keep the fish in the cistern alive it has an oxygen supply system that introduces the oxygen contained in a separate cylinder on board the vehicle.

RISK FACTORS

The main risk factors to workers that are potentially present during this phase of the work cycle are described below.

Manual load handling

description

Manual handling during this phase mainly entails net towing during fishing inside the tanks and removal of the fish using the smaller net. A small net full of fish can weigh between 3 and 8 kg.

expected damage

Musculoskeletal disorders

preventative measures

- Evaluate the possibility of mechanising the operation.

- Correct work organisation

- Net towing employing a sufficiently large number of workers so as to distribute and thus minimise the effort required.

- Avoid overfilling the smaller net with fish.

- Adequate worker information and training.

reference norms

- Sect. V and Enclosure 6 of Legislative Decree no.626 of the 10.09.1994.

- UNI ISO standard 938

Work near moving mechanical parts

description

Unless adequately protected, the conveyor belts present a potential risk of grasping and dragging.

expected damage

Injuries and contusions.

preventative measures

Conveyor belts must be protected by fixed shields or alternatively fitted with interblock devices. An emergency stop mechanism must also be present.

Workers must be adequately informed and trained.

reference norms

- Presidential Decree no.547 of 1955 and subsequent amendments and integrations.

- Legislative Decree no.626 of 1994 and subsequent amendments and integrations.

- Presidential Decree no.459 of the 24.07.1996 (machinery directive).

- UNI EN standards 291/2, 291/2, 614/1, 294, 349, 811, 418, 1037, 1088, 574, 982, 983, 1012/1, 1012/2

Use of electrically-powered machinery in damp environments

description

The metal parts of the hopper – conveyor belt system and the water pump (both electrically-powered) installed on the side of the tanks can be the cause of indirect contact with live parts due to faults. This risk is increased by the fact that the workers can be in the water when contact with metal parts occurs and by the fact that the hopper – conveyor belt system is not a fixed installation, but is transferred from one tank to another as required.

expected damage

Electrocution.

preventative measures

- Electric system suited to the place it is installed.

- Adequate electric system design and testing, performance of routine checks on the good working order of the differential device, whose sensitivity is coordinated with the earth resistance value, which must be periodically measured.

- Adequate worker information and training.

reference norms

- Law no. 791 of the 18.10.1977 "Implementation of European Council directive (no. 72/23/EEC) on safety guarantees for electrical material destined for use within certain voltage limits ".

- Sect. VII of Presidential Decree no. 547/1955 "Plant, machinery and various equipment".

- Law no. 46 of the 05.03.1990 "Plant safety standards".

- Decree of the Ministry of Industry 12.02.1996 "Publication of the summarised list of harmonised norms combined with the assimilation and publication of further (group 4) texts of the corresponding harmonized directives as per Art. 3 of law of the 18^th October 1977, no. 791, on the implementation of directive no. 73/23/EEC on safety guarantees for electric material ".

- IEC standards

Work in sea water or in contact with sea water

description

Workers appointed to perform fishing operations in the intensive farming tanks work in water or (in the case of smaller tanks where workers are not required to enter the tanks) are in contact with the water.

expected damage

Colds, musculoskeletal disorders.

preventative measures

- Workers should wear adequate personal protection devices against the water and the cold

- Correct work organisation.

- Adequate worker information and training.

reference norms

- Legislative Decree no. 626 and subsequent amendments and integrations.

SUBCONTRACTING

Generally speaking, this phase is not subcontracted to third parties as it constitutes a central phase to the productive cycle of sector companies.

EXTERNAL IMPACT

The main factors of environmental impact for this phase of the production cycle are described below.

Water drainage

Drainage waters originating from the continuous changeover of tank water and partial tank drainage for fishing can contain pollutants constituted by fish food and excrements and must therefore be taken to a decanting and purification basin before being released into the surrounding water.

FISHING FROM EXTENSIVE FARMING FACILITIES

DESCRIPTION OF THE PHASE

Fishing from extensive farming facilities can be performed using fixed hydraulic equipment (peschiere or lavorieri) or using the traditional method of dropping nets into the lagoon waters and later recovering them using small boats.

Fig. 47. Peschiera for capturing extensive farming fish in a marine water lagoon.

Fig. 48. Detail of a peschiera grid with extractable bulkhead.

Fig. 49. Net for fishing eels in a marine water lagoon.

Fig. 50. “Barchino” for lagoon fishing using nets.

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

Fixed structure (Peschiera or lavoriere)

This is a fixed hydraulic structure with a V-shape in order to facilitate the entry of fish (which usually swim against the current) and equipped with metal grids with removable bulkheads. The latter are generally manufactured from long, narrow steel strips that are inserted and removed by hand. The peschiera can be composed of a number of intermediate sections placed in sequence, each of which has a larger inlet and a smaller outlet, for the selection of the calibre of the fish that remain trapped inside the various sections. In actual fact, despite the fact that they can swim freely, they are unable to find the opposite route in order to swim out again. This makes it possible to capture fish of a commercial calibre and release the smaller ones back into the lagoon.

Barchino

This is a small boat with an almost flat keel and elongated shape, fitted with oars and a small off-shore engine that is used for reaching the fishing areas inside the lagoon but away from the shore.

RISK FACTORS

The main risk factors to workers potentially present during this work phase are described below.

Transit on slippery surfaces along the banks of the lagoon

description

Before commencing fishing in a section of the peschiera, it is closed to workers.

Conversely the bulkheads are opened again to let fish into the section in question. This requires workers to transit on the edge of the peschiera, which is normally wet and slippery (in part due to the presence of algae), with a consequential risk of falls.

The risk of slipping and falling from above also exists when the nets are thrown and collected and when the fish is removed using a smaller net.

expected damage

Injuries and contusions. Drowning is possible. Although the tanks are not deep, in the event of a fall, a workers could bang his head and loose consciousness in the water.

preventative measures

- Where possible install parapets and non-slip walkways.

- Wear non-slip footwear.

- For operations where the operator has to lean out over the water, fixed systems should be provided for hooking up the safety belt that workers must wear. Such hazardous operations should be performed under close surveillance and the assistance of another worker.

- Install hazard warning signs and notices forbidding access to unauthorised persons.

- Adequate worker information and training.

reference norms

- Art. 8 “Traffic routes, hazard zones, floors and passages” Presidential Decree no. 547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Legislative Decree no. 626/1994 and subsequent amendments and integrations.

Manual load handling, heavy work

description

Manual handling and heavy work in this work phase is mainly due to the recovery of the nets and the removal of fish using the smaller net (as described previously for fishing in intensive tanks).

expected damage

Musculoskeletal disorders.

preventative measures

- Use aids for net recovery

- Net pulling involving a sufficient number of workers to distribute and minimise the effort required.

- Correct work organisation.

- Avoid overfilling small nets with fish.

- Adequate worker information and training.

reference norms

- Sect. V and Enclosure 6 of Legislative Decree no. 626 of the 10.09.1994.

- UNI ISO standard 938

Work aboard small fishing vessels

description

Workers appointed to fishing in the lagoon drop and then recover nets from the small craft described above. These craft can also be used to inspect the lagoon and protect it from poachers. Given the small dimensions of the boats and the type of work performed, the risk of falling into the water subsists. Generally speaking, lagoon waters are not very deep (an average of 1 or at the most 1.5m) however, the possibility of drowning must not be neglected. Engine failure should also be considered a possibility.

expected damage

Colds due to prolonged stays in damp environments or due to falls in the water.

Drowning in the event of falling in the water.

preventative measures

- Keep boats and engines in good working order.

- Wear life jackets and suitable protective clothing against splashes of water and the cold.

- Avoid sending workers out into the water unaccompanied.

- Avoid going out in the boat in adverse weather conditions.

- Inform a worker on the land before going out in boats, appointing him/her to on-land surveillance of personnel working in the boat, using binoculars where necessary.

- Availability of means of communication (for example mobile telephones).

- Adequate worker information and training.

reference norms

- Legislative Decree no. 626 of 1994 and subsequent amendments and integrations.

SUB-CONTRACTING

This work phase, where present, is not sub-contracted to third parties.

EXTERNAL IMPACT

Impact on the surrounding landscape

The presence of peschiere can have a negative impact on the surrounding landscape. Adequate consideration should be given to minimising this impact during the design phase.

PACKING AND DISPATCHING THE FISH.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PHASE

The fish are transported in perforated plastic baskets (usually by tractors with a trailer) to the packing department, inside the production unit or under canopies near to the intensive farming tanks.

They are washed in running water and then a special gun is used to apply a plastic label bearing product information to each fish. The fish are then arranged in polystyrene crates inside which plastic bags containing ice cubes are sometimes introduced, in order to best preserve the fish; this is necessary especially if transport to market is likely to be lengthy.

Once they are full, workers close the polystyrene crates with a lid made of the same material and seal them with adhesive tape.

The full boxes are arranged inside parallelepiped plastic crates that are transferred on transpallets and loaded onto refrigerated lorries using electric lift trucks.

Generally speaking companies also possess refrigerators for interim storage purposes (until the refrigerated lorries arrive) and machines for making the ice used in packing.

Fig. 51. Tractor fitted with a trailer bearing the perforated baskets used to transport the fish to the scales.

Fig. 52. Fish packing bench

Fig. 53. Refrigerator with ice-cube unit.

Fig. 54. Washing the fish. The pre-sale tanks are visible in the background.

Fig. 55. Perforated trolley for transferring the fish to the packing benches.

Fig. 56. Fish packing material and equipment used for transferring packs for dispatch.

Fig. 57. Refrigerated lorry for dispatching packaged fish.

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

Refrigerators

These are insulated chambers with inner thermo-insulation panels and washable floors fitted with a door that can be opened both form inside and out and with an air cooling system.

The refrigerator may also house an ice-cube unit.

Transpallets

These are fork lift trucks with manual or electrical battery-operated fork lift and sideways shift mechanisms.

RISK FACTORS

Manual load handling, repeated gestures, unhealthy posture

description

Manual handling and the performance of repeated movements with the possibility of assuming unhealthy posture primarily occurs during fish washing and packing operations and during the preparation for transportation.

expected damage

Musculoskeletal disorders.

preventative measures

- Evaluate the possibility of mechanising the operation, or rather using handling aids (trolleys, rising platforms, etc.).

- Correct work organisation.

- Check that the containers are in good conditions and that handles are intact.

- Use two workers to handle a basket

- Workers must wear PPD (safety shoes with toecap) and must be adequately informed and trained.

reference norms

- Legislative Decree 626 of 1994.

- ISO/CD standard 11226 of the 21.12.2000 "Ergonomics – An evaluation of work postures".

Exposure to unfavourable microclimates

When inside the refrigerators, workers are exposed to a cold-damp microclimate. The risk that workers could accidentally become closed inside the refrigerator should also be considered.

expected damage

Prolonged exposure to cold-damp microclimates can cause: cardiovascular and metabolic disorders; musculoskeletal disorders; acrocyanosis; psychological stress; hives from cold; frostbite. Some of these conditions worsen if exposure to cold is combined with physical fatigue and/or manual load handling.

In any case, in sector firms, the time spent in refrigerators is generally very short.

prevention

In the case of prolonged intervals spent inside the refrigerators, pauses in exposure are recommended.

In general, in situations of the greatest thermal stress, it is also useful to foresee the use of suitable specific clothing for the risk of exposure to low temperatures (warm clothes) and when organising work shifts, to provide for adequate rest periods.

The refrigerators must also be fitted with a safe system for opening the bulkheads from the inside, using safety handles, so that workers cannot be accidentally closed inside.

reference norms

- Art. 9 “Air changeover”, Art. 11 “Temperature” and Art. 13 “Humidity” Presidential Decree no. 303 of the 19.03.1956.

- Art. 378 "Clothing" and Art. 379 "Protective clothing" Presidential Decree no. 547 of the 27.04.1955.

SUB-CONTRACTING

Generally speaking, this phase is not subcontracted to third parties.

EXTERNAL IMPACT

Production of waste

The waste produced during this work phase generally consists of small quantities of packaging material that is damaged and therefore unsuitable for reuse.

TRANSFORMATION OF ELECTRICAL VOLTAGE, PRODUCTION OF AUXILIARY ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE WORK.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PHASE

Intensive farming facilities can require considerable quantities of energy, and therefore they often possess their own electrical voltage transformation units for transforming the electrical power that arrives at the factory at 15KV. In order to optimise the transfer of electricity from the transformer’s secondary to the company’s electrical system, a phase advancer is positioned downstream from the transformer.

In the previous work phases, we mentioned the importance of guaranteeing the continuity of the electrical energy supply to the aerators in the intensive farming tanks and to the water re-circulation pumps and automatic fish feeders.

In order to fulfil this need, sector companies use electrics systems connected to both the national grid and generators that switch on in the event of a blackout. The switchover from mains supply to that provided by one or more generators is activated by means of special switches.

Some companies have a main generator, a secondary generator (a back-up for main generator breakdown) and one or more generators mounted on trolleys with wheels in order to be towed by tractors to be positioned near the tanks. A breakdown of a part of the company’s electrical plant (due for example to the rupture of a cable) could in fact cause failure in the electricity supply to a tank. In this case, in order to prevent a prolonged interruption in the function of the machinery indispensable for keeping the fish alive, whilst attempts are made to locate the fault, the mobile generator is taken to the position and connected directly to the electrical system of the tank in question.

Fig. 58. External view of an electrics cabinet.

Fig. 59. Transformer for transforming electricity from 15KV to 380V, protected by metal caging.

Fig. 60. Phase advancer.

Fig. 61. Main generator.

Fig. 62. Secondary generator.

Fig. 63. Trolley for transporting generator near
to the tanks.

Fig. 64. Waterproof electrics panel installed on the edge of an intensive farming tank.

Fig. 65. Interior view of a waterproof electrics panel installed on the edge of an intensive farming tank.

Fig. 66. Waterproof electrics panel installed inside a farming tank room.

Fig. 67. Detail of the electric parts of automatic feeders

.

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

Voltage transformer

This is a three-phase electric machine composed of a primary electrical circuit to which 15,000V voltage is connected and a secondary circuit from which voltage is taken at 380V, to supply the company’s electrics system. The two circuits are coupled electromagnetically in order to permit voltage transformation.

Machine cooling is obtained by means of the circulation of a special mineral oil.

Phase advancer

This is a three-phase device composed of electrical condensers that compensate the inductive part of the impedance of the electrics system connected downstream from the device, in order to reduce the power loss due to the presence of reactive charges.

Generator

This is an electricity generator based on the principle of electric motor force produced by the electromagnetic induction that occurs between a fixed electrical circuit and a mobile electrical circuit that is made to rotate around a diesel engine.

RISK FACTORS

The main risk factors that are potentially present during this work phase are described below.

Work near live electrical parts

description

The transformer’s primary circuit is connected to 15,000V voltage. The entire system requires routine checks and maintenance.

expected damage

Electrocution.

preventative measures

- Electrical equipment must only be accessible by specialised personnel, and it is therefore necessary that electrics panels and transformation units are kept locked.

- Electric systems and equipment must be suitable for the hazard classification of the places where they are installed and protected from the risks deriving from direct or indirect contact with live parts.

- Adequate worker information and training.

It should be pointed out that electrics systems should be installed by an authorised firm following project specifications (including diagrams and technical report) signed by a qualified professional. The installation company should issue a declaration of conformity and a qualified professional other than the system designer, should issue approval certification. ISPESL should be sent an earthing report (form “B”) and the Local Health Unit for the area should be notified in order to perform routine checks. A copy of the abovementioned papers should be kept in the company for inspection by competent authorities.

reference norms

- Law no. 791 of the 18.10.1977 "Implementation of Council Directive of the European Community (no. 72/23/EEC) concerning the safety guarantees that electrical material destined for use within certain voltage restrictions must possess ".

- Section VII of Presidential Decree no. 547/1955 "Systems, machinery and various equipment "

- Decree of the ministry of Industry of the 13.03.1987 "Publication of the summarised list of harmonised standards together with the assimilation and publication of further (group 4) Italian texts of the corresponding harmonized IEC standards, as art. 3 of the law of 18^th December 1977, no. 791, on the implementation of directive no. 73/23/EEC concerning the guarantees of electrical material"

- Decree of the Ministry of Industry of the 12.02.1996 "Publication of the summarised list of harmonised standards together with the assimilation and publication of further (group 4) Italian texts of the corresponding harmonized IEC standards, as art. 3 of the law of 18^th December 1977, no. 791, on the implementation of directive no. 73/23/EEC concerning the guarantees of electrical material"

- Legislative Decree no. 626 of the 25.11.1996 "Implementation of directive 93/68/EEC, concerning CE marking of electrical material destined to be used within certain voltage limits".

- Legislative Decree no. 277 of the 31.07.1997 "Amendments to Legislative Decree 25 November 1996, no. 626 (2), for the implementation of Directive 93/68/EEC on CE marking of electrical material destined for use within certain voltage limits".

- Decree of the Ministry of Industry of the 13.06.1989 "List of the organs and models of conformity marks, publication of the summarised list of harmonised standards together with the assimilation and the publication of further (group 5) Italian texts of IEC standards, under law of the 18 October 1977, no. 791, on the implementation of directive no. 73/23/EEC, concerning the safety guarantees of electrical material".

- Decree of the Ministry of Industry of the 01.03.1989 "Assimilation of directive EEC/88/571, on upgrading to technical progress the methods of protection of flameproof electrical material "

- Art. 5, 6, 7 sect. II; Art. 9 sect. III, of Directive EEC/AEEC/EC no. 656 of the 30.11.1989: " Council directive of the 30 November 1989 concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the use of personal protection devices by workers at work (third particular directive under art. 16, paragraph 1 of directive 89/391/EEC)”.

- Law no. 46 of the 05.03.1990 "Systems’ safety standards "

- Ministerial Decree no. 322 of the 24.6.1991 “Regulations for the services provided by the Italian Institute for prevention and safety at work”.

- Presidential Decree no. 447 of the 06.12.1991 “Regulations for the implementation of law no. 46 of the 05.03.1990 on systems’ safety” .

- Presidential Decree no. 462 of the 22.10.2001 “Regulations for the simplification of the process for reporting installations and devices for protection against atmospheric discharges, earthing devices for electrics systems and dangerous electrical systems”.

- IEC standards.

Exposure to noise and vibrations

description

When in use, the generators create a considerable level of noise and vibration.

expected damage

Communication disorders and a deterioration in worker performance may also occur.

Continuous exposure of the entire body may cause back pain and disorders, as well as preventing accurate manoeuvres.

preventative measures

- Install the generators on vibration-proof supports.

- Keep machinery in good working order by planning preventative maintenance work.

- Provide workers with hearing protectors, such as earplugs and headsets.

- Noise assessment is compulsory under Legislative Decree 277/1991. Use machinery that produces the lowest possible noise levels. In the case of levels of personal exposure higher than 80dB(A) the preventative measures established by Legislative Decree 277/91, summarized in the “Noise exposure limit values” table given in this document in the chapter entitled “General reference norms” apply.

reference norms

- Art. 24 "Noises and shaking" Presidential Decree no.303 of the 19.03.1956.

- Para. IV “Worker protection against the risks of exposure during work” Legislative Decree no.277 of the 15.08.1991.

- Presidential Decree no.459 of the 24.07.1996 “Regulations for the implementation of directives 89/392/EEC, 91/368/EEC, 93/44/EEC and 93/68/EEC concerning the assimilation of member state legislation on machinery” (Machinery directive).

- Decree of the Ministry of Labour of the 18.04.1973 "List of illnesses for compulsory reports must be made against occupational accidents and professional illnesses "

- Art. 46, para. I, Sect. III "Machinery shaking and vibrations" Presidential Decree no. 547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Art. 24, para. II, Sect. II "Noise and shaking" Presidential Decree no. 303 of the 19.3.1956

- 9.9.3 EEC/AEEC/EC Directive no. 663 of the 22.12.1986: "Council Directive of the 22 December 1986 for the approximation of member state legislation on mobile trolleys for handling operations ".

- 1.5.9 EEC/AEEC/EC Directive no. 392 of the 14.06.1989: "Council Directive of the 14 June 1989 concerning the approximation of Member State legislation on machines".

- 1.5.9 "Field of application and definitions" and 3.2.2 "Harmonised standards and equivalent provisions" Presidential Decree no. 459 of the 24.07.1996

- UNI-EN standard no. 30326-1 of the 01.04.1997 (see 6.1.37): "Mechanical vibration – Laboratory method for the assessment of vibrations on vehicle seats – minimum requisites".

Handling mineral oils

description

Electrical transformers require periodic topping up and/or replacement of the oil used for cooling.

The diesel engines of the generators require periodic topping up and/or replacement of mineral oil for the lubrication of moving parts.

In both cases workers may come into contact with mineral oils.

expected damage

Mineral oils are a class of compounds that can present risks for workers of acute (dermatitis, allergies, etc.) and chronic (tumours) damage.

The I.A.R.C. subdivides oils into two large categories:

- Non-severely refined: classified as being certainly carcinogenic to man (Group 1);

- severely refined: classified amongst the substances for which it is not possible to express a judgement on their carcinogenic nature (Group 3).

The European Union, on the other hand, in classifying oil and coal derivatives (including mineral oils) follows different criteria from that of refining alone: the mixtures of substances derived from oil and coal are considered substances to which a univocal CAS identification number and a univocal CE index number are attributed, thus classifying approximately 600 substances as being carcinogenic (R45), unless the producer is able to demonstrate that they contain (Presidential Decree no. 52/97):

- less than 0.1% weight/weight of 1.3-butadiene;

- less than 0.1% weight/weight of benzenes;

- less than 3% of DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) extract according to IP 346 measures;

- less than 0.005% weight/weight of benzoapyrene.

Or alternatively if the producer, being familiar with the refining process, can demonstrate that the substance from which the product is derived is not carcinogenic.

preventative measures

- Reduce the possibility of spills, leaks and drips.

- Wear PPD (gloves, aprons, etc.).

- Avoid keeping rags soiled with oil in pockets.

- Consult the safety sheet that the product supplier must provide and evaluate the possibility of replacing the more harmful products with other less harmful ones such as severely refined oils.

- Adequate worker information and training.

reference norms

- Tit. VIII "Dangerous and harmful materials and products" Presidential Decree no. 547 of the 27.04.1955.

- Art. 3 “General protection standards” of Legislative Decree no.626 of the 19.09.1994.

- Art. 4 "Employer, manager and supervisor obligations" Legislative Decree no. 626 of the 19.09.1994.

- Tit. IV of Legislative Decree no. 626 of the 19.09.1994 “Use of Personal Protection Devices”.

- Tit. VII of Legislative Decree no.626/94 “Protection from carcinogens”, as amended by Legislative Decree no. 66 of the 25.02.2000.

- Presidential Decree no. 336 of 1994 (Occupational illnesses).

- Legislative Decree no. 66 of the 25.02.2000 “Implementation of directives 1997/42/EC and 1999/38/EC, which amend directive 90/394/EEC, concerning worker protection against risks deriving from exposure to carcinogens and mutagens at work”.

Exposure to diesel engine exhaust fumes

description

Workers appointed to operating the generators can also be exposed to diesel combustion fumes, which are primarily composed of particles of unburnt hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide (NO, NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO”), carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde (HCHO), aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic substances (V.O.S.).

Exposure is limited by the fact that the operation is infrequent and does not require continuous worker presence near the generator.

expected damage

Irritation to the eyes and the respiratory tract.

preventative measures

- Install anti-pollution devices for the generators’ diesel engines.

- Intercept the exhaust fumes of the generators installed inside closed rooms and take them outside the work environment using pipes and chimneys.

- When portable generators are used near to the tanks, place them in the correct way in relation to the areas where workers operate and the direction of the wind in order to prevent the fumes from overcoming the workers.

- Adequate worker information and training.

reference norms

- Tit. II, Art. 9 “Ventilation closed workplaces” and Capo II “Defence against harmful agents” of Presidential Decree no.303 of the 19.03.1956 “General standards for hygiene at work”.

- Legislative Decree no.626 of the 19.09.1994 and subsequent amendments and integrations.

SUB-CONTRACTING

Occasional maintenance of the electrical system is in general appointed to specialised external firms, however company employees perform routine maintenance and urgent work.

EXTERNAL IMPACT

Emissions into the atmosphere

These are fumes generated by the combustion of the generators’ diesel engines. Given the non-continuous nature of their usage, they have a limited environmental impact, however the engines should be fitted with pollution abatement devices.

Noise diffusion

When in use, the noise generated by the generators can disturb the resident population, especially during the night. Given the rarity of this event, noise diffusion can be considered limited, however generators should be housed inside a soundproofed room in the part of the premises farthest from residential areas.

Combustion oil spillage

Should the tanks housing the diesel used to power the generators (and also tractors) rupture, spillage may occur with the consequential risk of polluting the bed of the surrounding waterways. In order to reduce the risk of dispersion of polluting liquids, double chambered tanks should be used or alternatively retainer basins should be installed.

Fig. 68. Diesel tanks mounted on raised supports with brick retainer basins against accidental spillage.

GENERAL REFERENCE NORMS

BASIC LAWS

The Constitution of the Italian Republic, the nation’s fundamental law, tackles the question of occupational safety and health in three separate articles:

- Art. 32 "The Republic will protect health as a fundamental right of the individual and the interest of the community and guarantees free treatment for those harmed ".

- Art. 35 "The Republic will protect occupation in all its forms and applications "

- Art. 38 comma 2 and 3: "Workers have the right to adequate support to their vital needs in the event of accident, illness, invalidity and old age, involuntary unemployment. Disabled and underage subjects have the right to education and preparation for professional life."

The Italian Civil Code contains two particularly pertinent articles:

- Art. 2087 (Protection of working conditions) "Entrepreneurs must adopt in the work they perform, all those measures that according to the nature of the work, are required in order to protect the physical integrity and moral personality of workers ".

- Art. 2050 (responsibility for the fulfilment of dangerous activities) “whoever causes harm to another person during the performance of a dangerous activity, caused by its nature or the nature of the equipment used, must pay compensation, unless he/she is able to prove that all measures suitable to avoiding damage have been taken ".

The Italian Penal Code, also contains a series of important articles, of which the titles alone are listed below:

- Art. 437 Negligent omission or removal of caution against occupational accidents.

- Art. 451 Negligent omission of cautions or defences against disasters or accidents at work.

- Art. 582-583 Personal injury and worsening circumstances.

- Art. 590 negligent personal injury.

Consolidation Acts of health laws (1934).

In the last forty years, a number of important laws have been approved, each of which represented a step forward in the civil development of the nation.

GENERAL NORMS

- Presidential Decree no. 547 of the 27.04.1955 (Official Journal no. 158 of the 02.07.1955) – General accident prevention norms. Norms for the prevention of occupational accidents.

- Presidential Decree no. 302 of the 19.03.1956 – Additional norms for the prevention of accidents at work to the general norms emanated with Presidential Decree no. 547/1955.

- Presidential Decree no. 303 of the 19.03.1956 – General occupational hygiene norms.

- Decree of the Ministry of Labour of the 28.07.1958 – Corporate surgical and pharmaceutical aids.

- Decree of the Ministry of Labour of the 12.09.1958 – Establishment of the Register of Accidents.

- Presidential Decree no. 1124 of the 30.06.1965 – Consolidation act of provisions for compulsory insurance against accidents at work and occupational illnesses.

- Law no. 977 of the 17.10.1967 – protection of the work of children and adolescents.

- Law no. 300 of the 20.05.1970 – Norms on the protection of the freedom and dignity of workers, trade union freedom and of trade union activities in work places and regulations for employment.

- Law no. 1204 of the 30.12.1971 – Protection of working mothers.

- Decree of the Ministry of Labour of the 18th April 1973 – List of illness for which the reporting of occupational accidents and diseases is compulsory.

- Presidential Decree no. 1026 of the 25.11.1976 – Regulations enforcing Law n. 1204 of the 30.12.1971 on the protection of working mothers.

- Law no. 833 of the 23.12.1978 – Establishment of the national health service

- Law no. 46 of the 05.03.1990 – Plant safety norms.

- Legislative Decree no. 277 of the 15.08.1991 – Implementation of directives no. 80/1107/EEC, no. 82/605/EEC, no. 83/477/EEC, no. 86188/EEC and no. 88/642/EEC, on the protection of workers against the risks deriving from exposure to chemical, physical and biological agents during work under art. 7 of Law no. 212 of the 30.07.1990.

- Legislative Decree no. 77 of the 25.01.1992 – Implementation of directive 88/364/EEC on worker protection against the risks of exposure to chemical, physical and biological agents.

- Legislative Decree no.626 of the 19.09.1994 (with subsequent integrations and amendments) “Implementation of directives 89/391/EEC, 89/654/EEC, 89/655/EEC, 89/656/EEC, 90/269/EEC, 90/270/EEC, 90/394/EEC, 90/679/EEC, 93/88/EEC, 97/42/CE and 99/38/CE concerning the improvement of worker health and safety at work”.

- Legislative Decree no. 242 of the 19.03.1996 – Amendments and integrations to Legislative Decree no. 626/1994, giving implementation to EC directives n improving worker health and safety at work.

- Circular of the Ministry of Labour no. 89 of the 27.06.1996 – General working relations department Division VII - Legislative Decree no, 242/1996, containing amendments and integrations to Legislative Decree no. 626/1994, on worker health and safety at work.- Directives for application.

- Presidential Decree no. 459 of the 24.07.1996 – Regulations for the implementation of directives 89/392/EEC, 81/368/EEC, 93/44/EEC and 93/68/EEC concerning the approximation of member state legislation on machinery.

- Legislative Decree no. 493 of the 14.08.1996 – Implementation of Directive 92/58/EEC concerning the minimum requirements for safety and health signs at work.

- Legislative Decree no. 494 of the 14.08.1996 – Implementation of Directive 92/57/EEC concerning the minimum health and safety requirements t be put into practice in temporary or mobile construction sites.

- Legislative Decree no. 645 of the 25.11.1996 – Assimilation of Directive 92/85/EEC concerning the improvement of occupational safety and health of pregnant mothers, mothers of newborns and mothers whilst breastfeeding.

- Circular no. 172 of the 20.12.1996 – Further indications concerning the application of Legislative Decree no. 626/1994, as amended by Legislative Decree no. 242/1996.

- Decree of the Ministry of Labour of the 16.01.1997 – Identification of minimum content of worker, safety officer and employee training that can perform the role of Prevention and Protection Service Officer.

- Legislative Decree no. 359 of the 04.08.1999 “Implementation of Directive 95/63/EC, that amends directive 89/394/EEC, concerning minimum health and safety requirements for the use of work equipment by workers”.

- Legislative Decree no. 66 of the 25.02.2000 “Implementation of Directive 97/42/EC and 99/38/EC, which amend Directive 90/394/EEC, on the protection of workers against risks deriving from exposure to carcinogens or mutagens at work”.

Summary table

NOISE EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES

And respective preventative measures as per Legislative Decree no. 277/1991.

Limit values

Main measure to be taken on exceeding the limit values

Lep,_d 80 dB(A)

- Inform workers about:

- the risks to hearing deriving from exposure to noise;

- the measures adopted in fulfilment of current regulations;

- the protective measures that workers must observe;

- the function of personal protection devices, the circumstances in which they should be used and how they should be used;

- the meaning and role of medical checks by the competent doctor;

- the results and meaning of noise assessment.

- in order to identify any non-hearing related effects, subject the workers involved to a medical check up if they request one and the competent doctor believes it suitable.

- When purchasing new tools, machinery or equipment give preference to those that produce the lowest noise level in normal working conditions.

Lep,_d 85 dB(A)

- Train workers on:

- correct use of personal hearing protection devices;

- in the interest of minimising risks for hearing, the correct use of tools, machines and equipment that, when used continuously, produce an Lep,d equal to or higher than

- 85 dB(A);

- Subject exposed workers (irrespective of the use of PPD) to medical checks. The frequency of the subsequent checks is established by the competent doctor and must not be at interval of more than two years.

- Provide adequate information on the noise produced in normal conditions of use and the risks entailed, the new tools, machines and equipment destined to be used at work that can cause the operator in a suitable and continuous way a personal daily exposure level equal to or higher than the limit.

Lep,_d 90 dB(A)

Non-weighted instantaneous acoustic pressure

140 dB

(200 Pa)

- Post adequate signs and close off and restrict access to work areas.

- Provide workers with personal hearing protection devices.

- Consult workers when choosing PPD.

- Workers whose personal daily exposure is higher than 90 dB (A) must wear PPD.

- Adopt preventative and protective measures for the individual workers in conformity with the opinion of the competent doctor, in order to favour hearing recovery. Such measures can include the reduction of workers’ daily personal exposure, involving suitable organization measures.

- Keep a register of those exposed.

- Inform both the competent authorities and workers of the technical and organisational techniques applied, should personal daily exposure of a worker to noise be higher than the limits despite the adoption of preventative measures.

Table 1 – ISTAT-ATECO ’91 classification of the productive sector

Fish farming

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

reference norms

Water consumption

Production of waste

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

reference norms

DELIVERY AND STORAGE OF RAW MATERIALS

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

reference norms

Impact on the surrounding landscape

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

reference norms

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

Use of electrically-powered machinery in damp environments

expected damage

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

Work in semi-intensive farming areas is identical to that described previously for intensive farming, with the exception that the risks connected to the use of aeration machines are not pertinent in that they are not used in semi-intensive farming.

With regards to extensive farming, the risk factors are those concerning fishing and the maintenance of hydraulic structures as described in the following phases.

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

Manual handling and heavy work in this work phase is mainly due to the recovery of the nets and the removal of fish using the smaller net (as described previously for fishing in intensive tanks).

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

Production of waste

EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY

Exposure to diesel engine exhaust fumes

BASIC LAWS

GENERAL NORMS

NOISE EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES