Annex 2/A

ISTITUTO SUPERIORE PER LA PREVENZIONE E LA SICUREZZA DEL LAVORO

I.S.P.E.S.L. SI.PRE. PROJECT REGIONS

NATIONAL DATABASE OF SECTOR RISK PROFILES

1. SECTOR

CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. ISTAT CODES

301

45.21

45.41

45.42

45.43

45.44

45.45.1

45.45.2

3. ISPESL CODE

(internal use)

SURVEY ZONE

4. NATIONAL:

5. REGIONAL

6. PROVINCIAL

7. USL

AZIENDA USL RMB- ROME

8.SURVEY YEAR


9. NUMBER OF WORKERS:	2500/3000*

9A. CLERKS:	150/180 *	*men*	*women*

9B. WORKERS:	2400/2900*	*men*	*women*

* ) estimated figure

10. NUMBER OF COMPANIES:

103

* ) number of building sites open in the year (notified)

Annexe 2/B


11. SURVEY FACILITY	SERVIZIO PISLL (PREV.IGIENE E SICUREZZA LUOGHI DI LAVORO -AUSL RM B – ROME
	Via E. Franceschini 56 – 00155 Rome

12. REFERENCE: Dr. SERGIO ROVETTA

ADDRESS:	SPISLL AUSL RMB ; Via E. Franceschini 56

PO CODE:	00155

CITY:	ROME

PROVINCE:	ROME

PHONE:	06/ 41601946

FAX:	06/ 41601936

E-MAIL:

13. ACCIDENTS *:

TOTAL:

1162 (Prov.Rome)

OF WHICH FATAL

6 (Prov.Rome)

14. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES *:

NAME

N° CASES

INAIL CODE

Dermatitis

Deafness

2 (Prov.Rome)

3 (Prov.Rome)

Not compensated

14 (Prov. Rome)

* NOTE:

The observation area of the research (ASL RMB) represents about one fifth in terms of population and activity in the construction sector – residential construction - in Rome Province.

There follow the INAIL data for Rome Province on accidents in the construction sector subdivided by group of material agent, form of event and the INAIL codes. This subdivision allows for an approximate analysis of the phenomenon.

The high percentage of small firms and irregular employment in this sector probably involves an underestimation of minor accidents.

With regard to occupational diseases, there is probably an underestimation of both the unlisted pathologies (e.g. osteoarticular pathologies and those from repetitive movements) and a lack of observation due to poor compliance with health monitoring requirements. The extent to which the arrival of relatively young non-EC immigrants for short periods changes the potential harm rate should also be assessed.

OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS REPORTED BY COMPANIES AND COMPENSATED AS AT 30 JUNE 1998 BY TYPE OF EVENT AND TYPE OF CONSEQUENCE. YEAR OF EVENT : 1997

AREA BENEFIT CODE		ROME ( PROVINCE ) 31 BUILDING SITES

TYPE OF EVENT		TYPE OF CONSEQUENCE						TOTAL		AV. DURATION IN DAYS		AV. COMP. IN 1000 LIRE
	TEMP. DISABILITY			PERM. DISABILITY		DEATH

	IN CONTACT WITH.....	32	3		-		35		23		1.481
	STEPPED ON....	3	-		-		3		12		506
	HIT WITH....	137	5		-		142		17		972
	SWALLOWED....	-	-		-		-		-		-
	PRICKED WITH....	10	1		-		11		21		1.158
	LIFTED WITHOUT EFFORT	35	3		-		38		24		1.343
	COLLIDED WITH....	164	4		1		169		20		1.140
	FOOT SLIPPED	94	8		1		103		35		1.972
	UNCO-ORDINATED MOVEMENT	16	-		-		16		44		2.537
	TANGLED-HOOKED ON	1	-		-		1		85		5.138
	LIFTED WITH EFFORT	18	2		-		20		42		2.652
	GRASPED BY....	-	-		-		-		-		-
	HIT BY....	238	14		-		252		22		1.270
	RUN DOWN BY.....	-	-		-		-		-		-
	BITTEN BY.....	2	-		-		2		27		1.501
	STUNG BY....	1	-		-		1		6		235
	CRUSHED BY....	19	1		-		20		26		1.358
	SUBMERGED BY...	-	-		-		-		-		-
	KNOCKED BY......	-	-		-		-		-		-
	KNOCKED OVER BY.....	-	-		-		-		-		-
	STUCK...	19	-		1		20		32		1.854
	INHALED....	-	-		-		-		-		-
	EXPOSED TO......	1	-		-		1		1		59
	FELL FROM ABOVE...	104	31		2		137		58		3.220
	TRIPPED ON....	145	14		-		159		43		2.304
	FELL DOWN INTO	1	2		-		3		88		4.280
	ACCIDENT ON BOARD...	9	7		0		16		84		5.129
	ACCIDENT WHILE DRIVING...	11	1		1		13		42		2.681

	UNIDENTIFIED	-	-		-		-		-		-

	TOTAL	1,060	96		6		1,162		32		1,785

ACCIDENT CLASSIFICATION CODE : BY FORM
	11	IN CONTACT WITH
	12	STEPPED ON
	13	HIT WITH
	14	SWALLOWED
	15	PRICKED WITH
ACTIVE	16	LIFTING, REMOVING, ETC......(without effort)
	17	COLLIDED WITH
	18	FOOT SLIPPED
	19	UNCO-ORDINATED MOVEMENT
	21	TANGLED - HOOKED ON
	22	LIFTING, REMOVING, ETC... (effort)



	31	GRASPED BY
	32	HIT BY
	33	RUN DOWN BY
	34	BITTEN BY
PASSIVE	35	STUNG BY
	36	CRUSHED BY
	37	SUBMERGED BY
	38	KNOCKED BY
	39	KNOCKED OVER BY
	41	STUCK BETWEEN



ENVIRONMENT	51	INHALED
	52	EXPOSED TO



	71	FELL FROM ABOVE......H/....
FALL	72	FELL DOWN ONTO
	73	FELL DOWN INTO



ACCIDENTS	91	ACCIDENT ON BOARD
	92	ACCIDENT WHILE DRIVING

OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS REPORTED BY COMPANIES AND COMPENSATED AS AT 30 JUNE 1998 BY TYPE OF MATERIAL AGENT AND TYPE DI CONSEQUENCE. YEAR OF EVENT : 1997

AREA BENEFIT CODE		ROME ( PROVINCE ) 31 BUILDING SITES

TYPES OF MATERIAL AGENT		TYPE OF CONSEQUENCE			TOTAL	AV. DURATION IN DAYS	AV. COMP. IN 1000 LIRE
	TEMP. DISABILITY		PERM. DISABILITY	DEATH
00	ENGINES	-	-	-	-	-	-
01	GENERATORS	-	-	-	-	-	-
02	OPERATING MACHINES	13	2	1	16	32	1.813
03	PROCESSING MACHINES	-	-	-	-	-	-
04	MACHINE TOOLS	46	10	-	56	31	1.645
0	MACHINES	59	12	1	72	31	1.682

10	LIFTING DEVICES	15	2	-	17	38	2.204
11	GROUND TRANSPORT	43	13	2	58	59	3.527
12	RAIL TRANSPORT	-	-	-	-	-	-
13	AIR TRANSPORT	-	-	-	-	-	-
14	WATER TRANSPORT	-	-	-	-	-	-
15	CABLE TRANSPORT	-	-	-	-	-	-
1	LIFTING AND TRANSP. DEVICES	58	15	2	75	54	3.227

20	STEAM DIST. PLANTS	-	-	-	-	-	-
21	LIQUID DIST. PLANTS	1	-	-	1	56	3.492
22	ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS	-	-	-	-	-	-
23	GAS DISTRIBUTION PLANTS	-	-	-	-	-	-
24	COMPR. AIR DIST. PLANTS	-	-	-	-	-	-
25	SOL. MAT. DIST. PLANTS	-	-	-	-	-	-
2	DISTRIBUTION PLANTS	1	-	-	1	56	3.492

30	TOOLS	76	4	-	80	18	1.060
31	UTENSILS	28	2	-	30	23	1.305
32	EQUIPMENT	43	7	2	52	43	2.332
33	DEVICES	2	-	-	2	13	707
3	TOOLS.......	149	13	2	164	27	1.504

40	EXPLOSIVES	3	-	-	3	17	1.062
41	POWDERS	2	-	-	2	20	1.232
42	GAS, VAPOURS, SMOKE	-	-	-	-	-	-
43	LIQUID MATERIALS	7	-	-	7	18	923
44	SOLID MATERIALS	260	11	1	272	22	1.320
45	PLASTICS	15	-	-	15	8	472
46	ELECT. SHOCK RADIAT.	-	-	-	-	-	-
47	FIRE	5	-	-	5	6	291
48	FRAGMENTS SPLINTERS	30	1	-	31	9	464
49	SPLASHES, SPRAY	4	-	-	4	15	888
4	MATERIALS, SUBSTANCES	326	12	1	339	20	1.173

50	ATMOSPHERIC AGENTS	-	-	-	-	-	-
51	TRANSIT SURFACES	139	4	-	143	32	1.776
52	LADDERS & GANGWAYS	108	32	-	140	59	3.132
53	OPENING IN FLOORS, WALLS	18	-	-	18	27	1.542
54	FIXTURES	11	-	-	11	14	767
55	PARTS OF BUILDINGS	41	1	-	42	23	1.399
56	FIXED PLANT FITTINGS	8	1	-	9	46	2.514
57	MICROCLIMATE	-	-	-	-	-	-
58	BASEMENT	-	-	-	-	-	-
5	WORKPLACES	325	38	-	363	41	2.232

60	PERSONS	-	-	-	-	-	-
61	ANIMALS	2	-	-	2	27	1.501
62	PLANTS	1	-	-	1	47	3.011
6	PERSONS, ANIMALS.......	3	-	-	3	33	2.005

70	TANKS FOR LIQUIDS	2	-	-	2	51	3.141
71	TANKS FOR GAS	-	-	-	-	-	-
72	SILOS	-	-	-	-	-	-
73	GAS BOTTLES	1	-	-	1	35	2.232
74	CONTAINERS	30	2	-	32	31	1.874
7	TANKS, CONTAINERS	33	2	-	35	33	1.957

80	MECHANICAL PARTS	55	3	-	58	31	1.819
81	ELECTRICAL PARTS	-	-	-	-	-	-
82	PNEUMATIC PARTS	-	-	-	-	-	-
83	HYDRAULIC PARTS	-	-	-	-	-	-
84	THERMAL PARTS	1	-	-	1	11	613
85	UNSPECIFIED PARTS	33	1	-	34	17	892
8	MECHANICAL PARTS	89	4	-	93	25	1.467
	UNIDENTIFIED	17	-	-	17	44	2.516
	TOTAL	1,060	96	6	1,162	32	1.785

I.N.A.I.L. Statistical and Actuarial Consulting Sector VII

ROME PROVINCE Sector: BUILDING SITES Occupational diseases reported each year

Year Of report	COMPENSATED				NOT COMPENSATED	TOTAL
	TEMPORARY	PERMANENT	DEATH	TOTAL

1994	1	7	-	8	7	15
1995	1	2	-	3	8	11
1996	-	4	-	4	15	19
1997	2	3	-	5	14	19

OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS REPORTED BY COMPANIES AND COMPENSATED AS AT 30 JUNE 1998 BY GROUP OF MATERIAL AGENT AND TYPE OF CONSEQUENCE. YEAR OF EVENT : 1996

AREA BENEFIT CODE		ROME ( PROVINCE ) 31 BUILDING SITES

GROUPS OF MATERIAL AGENT		TYPE OF CONSEQUENCE			TOTAL	AV. DURATION IN DAYS	AV. COMP. IN 1000 LIRE
	TEMP. DISABILITY		PERM. DISABILITY	DEATH

00	ENGINES	1	-	-	1	28	1,054
01	GENERATORS	-	-	-	-	-	-
02	OPERATING MACHINES	20	-	-	20	18	1,130
03	PROCESSING MACHINES	-	-	-	-	-	-
04	MACHINE TOOLS	41	1	-	42	25	1,317

0	MACHINES	62	1	-	63	23	1,254

10	LIFTING DEVICES	21	5	-	26	47	3,083
11	GROUND TRANSPORT	47	6	-	53	41	2,384
12	RAIL TRANSPORT	-	-	-	-	-	-
13	AIR TRANSPORT	-	-	-	-	-	-
14	WATER TRANSPORT	-	-	-	-	-	-
15	CABLE TRANSPORT	-	-	-	-	-	-

1	LIFTING AND TRANSP. DEVICES	68	11	-	79	43	2,614

20	STEAM DIST. PLANT	-	-	-	-	-	-
21	LIQUID DIST. PLANT	-	1	-	1	58	3,753
22	POWER DIST. PLANT	-	-	-	-	-	-
23	GAS DISTRIBUTION PLANTS	-	-	-	-	-	-
24	COMPR. AIR DIST. PLANTS	-	-	-	-	-	-
25	SOL. MAT. DIST. PLANTS	-	-	-	-	-	-

2	DISTRIBUTION PLANTS	-	1	-	1	58	3,753

30	TOOLS	98	3	-	101	25	1,385
31	UTENSILS	23	4	-	27	35	1,818
32	EQUIPMENT	27	11	1	39	53	3,096
33	DEVICES	7	-	-	7	18	1,237

3	TOOLS.......	155	18	1	174	33	1,830

40	EXPLOSIVES	8	-	-	8	13	895
41	POWDERS	4	-	-	4	29	1,470
42	GAS, VAPOURS, SMOKE	-	-	-	-	-	-
43	LIQUID MATERIALS	6	-	-	6	21	1,106
44	SOLID MATERIALS	277	15	-	292	23	1,348
45	PLASTICS	16	-	-	16	14	716
46	ELECT. SHOCK RADIAT.	1	-	-	1	4	302
47	FIRE	7	-	-	7	15	947
48	FRAGMENTS SPLINTERS	47	1	-	48	11	629
49	SPLASHES, SPRAY	10	-	-	10	5	237

4	MATERIALS SUBSTANCES	376	16	-	392	21	1,185

50	ATMOSPHERIC AGENTS	-	-	-	-	-	-
51	TRANSIT SURFACES	134	12	-	146	33	1,794
52	LADDERS & GANGWAYS	105	24	-	129	48	2,464
53	OPENING IN FLOORS, WALLS	11	1	-	12	42	2,163
54	FIXTURES	16	3	-	19	42	1,972
55	PARTS OF BUILDINGS	43	10	-	53	54	3,460
56	FIXED PLANT FITTINGS	13	-	-	13	16	848
57	MICROCLIMATE	-	-	-	-	-	-
58	BASEMENT	-	-	-	-	-	-

5	WORKPLACES	322	50	-	372	41	2,252

60	PERSONS	-	-	-	-	-	-
61	ANIMALS	1	-	-	1	1	60
62	PLANTS	3	-	-	3	5	228

6	PERSONS ANIMALS.......	4	-	-	4	4	186

70	TANKS FOR LIQUIDS	-	-	-	-	-	-
71	TANKS FOR GAS	-	-	-	-	-	-
72	SILOS	-	-	-	-	-	-
73	GAS BOTTLES	-	-	-	-	-	-
74	CONTAINERS	19	1	-	20	16	920

7	TANKS CONTAINERS	24	1	-	25	15	848

80	MECHANICAL PARTS	61	5	-	66	30	1,826
81	ELECTRICAL PARTS	1	-	-	1	3	178
82	PNEUMATIC PARTS	-	-	-	-	-	-
83	HYDRAULIC PARTS	-	-	-	-	-	-
84	THERMAL PARTS	5	-	-	5	24	1,192
85	UNSPECIFIED PARTS	42	-	-	42	20	991

8	MECHANICAL PARTS	109	5	-	114	26	1,476

	UNIDENTIFIED	2	-	-	2	10	549

	TOTAL	1.122	103	1	1.226	31	1,714

OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS REPORTED BY COMPANIES AND COMPENSATED AS AT 30 JUNE 1998 BY TYPE OF EVENT AND TYPE OF CONSEQUENCE. YEAR OF EVENT : 1996

AREA BENEFIT CODE				ROME ( PROVINCE ) 31 BUILDING SITES

TYPES OF EVENT			TYPE OF CONSEQUENCE							TOTAL		AV. DURATION IN DAYS		AV. COMP. IN 1000 LIRE
	TEMP. DISABILITY					PERM. DISABILITY		DEATH

		IN CONTACT WITH.....			29		-		-		29		13		744
		STEPPED ON....			-		-		-		-		-		-
		HIT WITH....			120		7		-		127		20		1,121
		SWALLOWED....			-		-		-		-		-		-
		PRICKED WITH....			16		-		-		16		4		268
		LIFTED WITHOUT EFFORT			29		1		-		30		29		1,785
		COLLIDED WITH....			180		13		-		193		24		1,372
		TRIPPED			92		1		-		93		22		1,145
		UNCO-ORDINATED MOVEMENT			6		-		-		6		18		963
		TANGLED - HOOKED			2		-		-		2		30		1,093
		LIFTED WITH EFFORT			25		1		-		26		24		1,183
		GRASPED BY....			-		-		-		-		-		-
		HIT BY....			295		16		-		311		25		1,477
		RUN DOWN BY.....			5		1		-		6		50		2,491
		BITTEN BY.....			-		-		-		-		-		-
		STUNG BY....			3		-		-		3		21		667
		CRUSHED BY....			25		2		-		27		27		1,563
		SUBMERGED BY...			-		-		-		-		-		-
		KNOCKED BY......			1		-		-		1		6		360
		KNOCKED OVER BY.....			-		1		-		1		144		5,956
		STUCK...			25		-		-		25		29		1,782
		INHALED....			-		-		-		-		-		-
		EXPOSED TO......			-		-		-		-		-		-
		FELL FROM ABOVE...			93		37		1		131		62		3,506
		TRIPPED ON....			156		19		-		175		37		1,959
		FELL DOWN INTO…			-		2		-		2		142		7,761
		ACCIDENT ON BOARD...			9		1		0		10		53		3,912
		ACCIDENT WHILE DRIVING...			11		1		-		12		60		3,574

		UNIDENTIFIED			-		-		-		-		-		-

		TOTAL			1,122		103		1		1,226		31		1,714

Form 1

WORK STAGE: PreparATION OF BUILDING SITE


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	PREPARATION OF BUILDING SITE

3. INAIL CODE:	3100 - 3310

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 - DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

a) Positioning of fencing: inspection of land, identification and tracing of building site perimeter; making holes in the ground with manual tools and insertion of wooden posts; nailing on posts metal panels about metres 2 high; construction of gateway.

b) Tracing: identification and tracing of excavation zones and zones for installing electric plants, services and building site equipment.

c) Installation of services: sites for prefabricated huts (levelling of land, laying of wooden crossbars); positioning of prefabricated huts using a crane truck and completion of rooms for storage of materials; excavation for laying water and power lines.

WORKERS

1-2 Bricklayers/Masons

Workman

Surveyor and site manager

Assistant

Crane operator

Pole installer

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Manual tools, PVC netting and wooden posts, pipes and joints, steel rods, corrugated iron;

Survey instruments, squares, tables, steel wire, manual tools, measurement instruments, chalk;

Crane, harness equipment, manual tools, excavator for levelling.

Chapter 3 - RISK FACTORS:

ACCIDENTS

Failure to use protective helmet (in unloading operations) (90%).

Failure to use gloves (90%).

Failure to use protective shoes (20%).

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Physical agents;

Noise: some workers could have Lep,d between 80 and 85

In this phase the exposure of workers to noise is affected by the use of the following equipment : excavator, crane truck.

Noise level of equipment :

Leq

(CPT)

Leq

(ASL RM - B)

Excavator

88 – 89.7

82.5

Truck crane

80.3 - 86

Daily Lep,d exposure levels

DUTY	Av. Leq. (CPT)	Lep,d (CPT)	Lep,d (ASL RM - B)
Mason, workman	76.5	-	*
Crane operator	76.5	-	*
Truck crane operator	82.9	81	**
Excavator operator	82.7	-	81.4

* These duties are considered to have an Lep,d under 80 Db(A)

** These duties are considered to have an Lep,d between 80 and 85 dB(A)

METHODOLOGY:

- CPT Torino and Province, “Assessment of risk derived from the exposure to noise during construction work”

- A.S.L. RM - B , annexe VII D.Lgs. 277/91

Note: Among the variability factors in worker exposure, work carried out at the same time by other workers should be taken into account (e.g. rod-setter near the circular saw for wood).

JOINT RISK FACTORS

The simultaneous presence of persons and moving vehicles and lack of co-ordination between work activities.

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces

Contusions and crushing from collisions and falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Chapter 5 - MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 – EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

The prepared on of the building site is undertaken by the firm to which the contract is awarded in 80% of the cases.

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 547/1955 - Art. 10 (openings in slabs; machinery); 168, 169, 181,185; 186 (lifting/ moving loads) 194 (verification of lifting devices);

DPR 164/1956 - Art. 4 (roads), 11(presence of overhead high voltage lines),12 (excavation machinery);

DPR 303/1956 - Art. 36-38-39 (drinking water, showers , toilets and sinks), 42-43 (Conservation of meals and shelters), 47 (cleaning of rooms).

D.Lgs 626/1994 - Art. 3 (protective measures) - 4 para. 2 (requirements) para. 5 letters a) d) f) q) para. 11; Art. 21- 22 (general information - training); Work tools Art. 35 (employer requirements) , 37-38 (information - training) 39 (worker requirements); personal protection devices Art. 43 (employer requirements) 44 (worker requirements);

D.Lgs 493/1996 - Art. 2 (safety sign requirements); Art. 4 (information - training for signs)

D.Lgs 494/1996 - Art. 3 (requirements), 5 (co-ordination).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Open-air power cables with voltage, breakage of various pipes.

Form 2

WORK STAGE : Installation OF ELECTRIC PLANT


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	ELECTRIC PLANT INSTALLATION

3. INAIL CODE:	3610

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1- DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

The firm and authorised personnel will install the plant with: passage of cables, installation of suitable panels, switches and plugs with the planned number and position, making the required connections.

They shall install the grounding and lightning rod system.

The firm undertaking the work shall issue certification of compliance pursuant to Law N. 46/1990.

Grounding system shall be reported to the local ISPESL zone offices.

Any electrical generators installed (unloaded with crane trucks) shall be placed in protected areas with access to workers only.

These generators (if an older generation type) shall also be placed far from fixed workplaces since they are very noisy.

WORKERS

N° 2-3 technicians specialised in electric plants

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Manual tools.

Simple or double ladders.

Electric generator.

Truck crane.

Chapter 3 - RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

Laying of power cables

In 10% of cases, the passage of open-air or underground power cables does not guarantee protection from risks due to abrasion, wear and mechanical damage.

Falling from ladders

In order to passages or overhead connections, simple ladders are used without anchoring or without being held at the foot (80% of cases).

Accidental contacts

In older generation generators there is a 50% of contact with high temperature parts (muffler and exhaust pipe) since they are not insulated.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Physical;

Noise: workers may have Lep,d between 80 and 85 dB(A) if they work mainly near electric generators.

Chemical;

Workers may be exposed to combustion fumes if they work mainly near electric generators.

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

When the electric plant is installed, work on excavation and foundations is still often under way, with the risk of involvement in risks from other activities.

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces

Contusions and crushing from collisions and falling material

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Burns

Chapter 5 - MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

Systematic

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 547/1955 - 168, 169, 181,185; 186 (lifting - moving loads)

DPR 164/1956 - Art. 4 (roads); 7 (suitability of materials and workmanlike standards); - Art. 8 (ladders)

DPR 303/1956 - Art. 33 (medical check-ups)

D.Lgs 277/1991 - Title IV Noise - Art. 40 (assessment), 41 (procedures), 42 (information - training), 43 (personal protection devices);

D.Lgs 493/1996 - Art. 2 (safety sign requirements); Art. 4 (information - training for signs)

D.Lgs 494/1996 - Art. 3 (requirements of contractor), 5 (obligations of co-ordinator).

GOOD TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Law 186/1968 - CEI Standards -Law 46/90 (installation of electric plant).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 3

WORK STAGE: FoundaTions


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	FOUNDATIONS

3. INAIL CODE:	3510 - 3310 - 3110

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 - DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

Tracing excavation areas on ground; definition of operation site of excavator with suitable fencing, PVC netting or two-coloured tape.

The machinery for excavation and for making the foundation piles shall be transported on trailers pulled by lorries.

In civil engineering works requiring a basement, excavation shall be greater than 2 mt.; an access ramp must therefore be made to enable vehicles to reach the bottom.

For the carpentry work, metal and wood elements shall be unloaded. In the case of foundation piles, metal formwork prepared off the building site may be used.

Foundation piles are often prepared for connection with the subsequent structures using a concrete breaker.

Once the piles are made, they are connected horizontally by the excavation of trenches for laying the formwork and the reinforcement of the beams; the reinforcement plates are dowsed with stripping oil.

Once the form is prepared, the structure is laid using concrete prepared by the cement mixer; the concrete is conveyed directly into the formwork.

When a cement mixer cannot be used directly, the concrete is poured from skips carried by the crane or by means of a pump.

The workers in this operation must correctly guide the laying as well as all the subsequent vibrating operations.

Once the concrete is consolidated, the formwork is removed using manual tools (burton).

WORKERS

Ordinary workman

Crane operator

Steel fixers

Carpenters

Person operating cement mixer

Lorry driver

Excavator operator.

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Steel benders, shears; manual tools; crane; lorry; harness equipment; use of manual steel bender levers; circular saw; hammers, pincers; wood; bin; bucket; crane; vibrator; concrete breaker; excavator mechanical shovel.

Chapter 3 - RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

Pile construction

Falling into openings for piles

In 80% of building sites boring of foundation piles takes place without the holes being provided with protection to prevent falling by workers collaborating on the ground with the pile machine operator.

In 50% the newly made holes are left without protection.

In 60% these holes are covered in an unsuitable way (for the material used and execution procedures)

Protection of head

In 40% of cases the pile worker on the ground does not use the protective helmet although provided.

In 50% of cases during the stripping operation protective helmets are not used.

In 50% of cases gloves are not used for handing materials.

Falling or tripping

In nearly all the cases, once the foundation pile is completed, there is no elimination of the risk of tripping or falling over protruding rods.

Roads

In 90% of cases there is no definition with barriers of the “field of action” of excavation equipment.

In 90% of cases the railings on the access ramp to the work area are not suitably built or maintained (use of plastic netting, excessive distance between posts, boards for transit in poor condition).

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Physical agents;

Noise: workers in this phase may have Lep,d between 80 and 85, and 85 and 90 dB(A).

In this phase exposure to noise by workers is affected by the use of the following equipment : circular saw, excavator or mechanical shovel, cement unloading with cement trucks, use of crane trucks and mobile boring equipment, nailing of boards.

Noise rate of equipment :

	Leq (CPT)	Leq (ASL RM - B)
Circular saw	93 - 95	93
Excavator, mechanical shovel	88 – 89.7	85.2
Cement unloading with cement trucks	76 – 84	85
Mobile cranes	80.3 – 86	83
Mobile boring equipment	-	85
Nailing	86.8 – 85.7	87

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY	Av. Leq. (CPT)	Lep,d (CPT)	Lep,d (ASL RM - B)
Ordinary workman	82.7	-	80
Crane operator	78.1	75	81.4 (Mobile crane)
Steel bender	78.8	-	80
Carpenter	83.8	84	84.5 – 86.4 – 88.8
Cement truck driver	81.7	79	79
excavator operator	88	85	85

METHODOLOGY: see Form 1

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

Information

In 90% of cases the pile machine operator and supporting worker on the ground work in a small area without having been informed of proper safety procedures (reference is almost always made to the signs on the machinery warning people to stay outside of the range of operation of the machine).

Co-ordination between simultaneous working stages

The simultaneous execution of work of excavation, pile boring and earth shifting takes place with poor definition of the fields of action and without any procedures for co-ordination between this work.

In all cases the carpentry stripping operations take place without any specified procedure and in 90% of cases without any supervision.

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces or in holes

Contusions and crushing from collisions and falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Skin disease from contact with mortar, cement and stripping oil

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Traumatic injuries from contact with moving parts

Eye injuries from splashes of liquid mortar

Burns

Chapter 5 - MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

In 90% of cases.

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 547/1955 - Art. 10 (excavations in the ground); 41- 55-56-57 -68-71-72 -78-109 (protection from machinery); 168, 169, 181,185; 186 (lifting moving loads) 194 (verification of lifting devices); 40-328 (ground plants); 267-269-270-271-282-283-325- Law 186/1968 (CEI Standards)- Law 46/90 (installation of electric plant); 374 (general maintenance);

DPR 164/1956 - Art. 4 (roads); 7 (suitability of materials and workmanlike standards); 8 (ladders); 9 (protection fixed workplaces); 12 (excavation machinery); 24 (railings);

DPR 303/1956 - Art. 33 (medical check-ups), Art. 36-38-39 (drinking water, showers , toilets and sinks), 42-43 (Conservation of food and shelter), 47 (cleaning of rooms).

D.Lgs 277/1991- Title IV Noise - Art. 40 (assessment), 41 (procedures), 42 (information - training), 43 (personal protection devices), 44 (health check), 45 (exceeding 90 dBA);

D.Lgs 493/1996- Art. 2 (safety sign requirements); Art. 4 (information - training for signs)

D.Lgs 494/1996 - Art. 3 (requirements of contractor), 5 (obligations of co-ordinator).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 4

WORK STAGE – InstallaTion and rEmoVAL OF BUILDING SITE machinery


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	INSTALLATION AND REMOVAL OF BUILDING SITE MACHINERY

3. INAIL CODE:	3100

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1- DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

Assembly of crane (fixed or running on tracks).

An excavation proportional to the base of the fixed crane is made; four reinforced concrete supports (pillars) are made in this excavation; the metallic supports protruding from these pillars are used to anchor the plates and base frame of the crane.

In case of cranes on tracks a flat concrete area is made and the crane tracks are laid.

The parts of the crane with the help of a crane truck; the base plates of the crane tower are placed and secured to large bolts protruding from the base.

The bogie is then placed on the tracks.

The crane tower consists of metal sections previously assembled on the ground using a bolting system.

Each element has a length of between 3-6 metres.

The methodology set forth by the manufacturer must be used for all cranes.

Tower crane

The crane jib and the camber may be installed as a single piece prepared on the ground or according to the following phases:

a) cusp with centre plate fixed to the body of the tower;

b) camber, without counterweights, attached to the cusp;

c) hook attached to the cusp;

d) counterweights of camber;

Finally, the steel cable is installed, running through the pulley of the motors and the conveyor device of the jib.

Assembly is started on the ground of the parts of the crane to be subsequently lifted and bolted at the proper points; during this work stage, if service cranes with passenger platforms are not used, the specialised workers would risk falling when going to their workplace; they must therefore use safety harnesses with a double safety cable. The double cable is necessary because the running rings of the safety cable (horizontal structure) or the intersections of the grid structure (vertical) of the crane must be bypassed; the cable must therefore be designed for unhooking and subsequently re-hooking.

Self-supported cranes

There are two types of self-supporting cranes: telescopic and articulated.

The telescopic crane consists of previously assembled metallic elements (with cable and motors already electrically connected since the crane motor itself is used to assemble the crane) running along the vertical axis.

Articulated cranes

The articulated crane is positioned along the base bogie, and the blocking pins of the various elements forming the jib and tower. The latter are lifted using their own motors, opening up until the crane is fully extended and lifted.

The crane is taken down using its own motors, replacing the pins without the help of extra equipment.

Installation of rod-bending and steel-cutting machinery, crusher , circular saw

A truck is used to transport the rod-bending and steel-cutting machinery, crusher and mixer (the latter two machines may also be brought to the construction site subsequently) at pre-set points). After unloading by means of the crane and harness, they are connected with the power supply.

With regard to the circular saw, it is generally simply unloaded since it hardly ever just has a single location, but is shifted according to the workplaces of the carpenters.

Cement mixing plant

In some building sites (5%) a central cement mixing site is prepared to mix the concrete.

An area of ground is marked off for positioning the tank containing the powdered cement; this is transported with a lorry and is lifted with the truck crane and positioned on the bases already made, and is finally secured.

The procedures described above are used to unload the cement mixer machine, securing it to prevent it from falling over. The machines for adding inert material (conveyor lift) is connected to the mixer mouth and suitably set for collecting and moving the material, with a continuous chain of scoops.

WORKERS

2-3 Workers specialised in assembling the crane truck operator.

2-3 Workmen to unload and position the machinery.

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Crane truck, manual tools

Crane

Loading harnesses.

Chapter 3 - RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

In some cases (30-40%) the assembly workers do not use the second safety cable and sometimes delay attaching, and others do not hook on.

The work area involving crane assembly is rarely (50%) identified except with a 2-colour tape.

In unloading operations, gloves are not used (90%). Safety shoes are not used (5%) .

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Physical agents;

Noise: workers in this phase may have Lep,d between 80 and 85 dB(A)

In this phase exposure to noise by workers is influenced by the use of the following equipment: truck with crane.

Noise rate of equipment :

Leq

(CPT)

Leq

(ASL RM - B)

Truck with crane

80.3 - 86

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY

Av. Leq.

(CPT)

Lep,d

(CPT)

Lep, d

(ASL RM - B)

Truck crane operator

** These duties are considered to have an Lep,d between 80 and 85 dB(A)

METHODOLOGY :

See Form 1

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

The crane assembly operation may take place simultaneously with other activities; this operation exposes the other workers to risks involved in assembly (falling of tools from above and operations with the with truck crane) when simultaneous work stages are not co-ordinated for safety purposes.

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Falling from above

Abrasions, contusions, cuts from using manual tools.

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces or in holes

Hypoacusis due to noise

Crushing from falling material

Chapter 5 - MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

Crane assembly is always undertaken by specialised external firms.

In 50% of cases the positioning of the machinery is undertaken by contractors.

Chapter 6 - LEGISLATION

DPR 547/1955 - Art. 10 (excavation in the ground); 24 (tools); 168, 169, 181,185; 186 (lifting moving loads) 194 (verification of lifting devices);40-328 (ground plants); 267-269-270-271-282-283-325 (electric plant safety); 374 (general maintenance);

DPR 164/1956 - Art. 4 (roads); 7 (suitability of materials and workmanlike standards); 10 (safety belts); 17 (person in charge)

DPR 303/1956 - Art. 33 (medical check-ups);

D.Lgs 277/1991 - Title IV Noise - Art. 40 (assessment);

D.Lgs 626/1994 - Art. 3 (protective measures) - 4 para. 2 (requirements) para. 5 letters a) d) f) q) para. 11; Art. 21- 22 (general information - training); work equipment Art. 35 (employer requirements) , 37-38 (information - training) 39 (worker requirements); personal protection devices Art. 43 (employer requirements) 44 (worker requirements); Art. 48,49 (assessment and information on M.M.C.);

D.Lgs 493/1996- Art. 2 (safety sign requirements); Art. 4 (information - training for signs)

D.Lgs 494/1996 - Art. 3 (requirements of company to which the contract is awarded), 5 (obligations of co-ordinator).

GOOD TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Technical sheets I.S.P.E.S.L. Cement mixer truck (E4), Mixer (E5), Crusher (E6), Circular saw for construction site(E7)

Law 186/1968 (CEI Standards)

Law 46/90 (installation of electric plant).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed.

Form 5

WORK STAGE: WATERPROOFING OF WALLS IN CONTACT WITH GROUND


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	WATERPROOFING WALLS IN CONTACT WITH GROUND

3. INAIL CODE:	3100

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 – DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

After the dismantling work for walls in contact with the ground, they are then waterproofed.

The waterproofing of walls to be buried is undertaken by coating them with bituminous material that prevents damp from penetrating.

This material may be spread with a brush and/or a roller in order to fill the small spaces on the surface to be insulated.

For more effective waterproofing, a bituminous layer is laid after applying a bituminous adhesive (primer) with the help of the heat produced by the combustion of GPL with a suitable burner. The edges of the next layers and the outer edges are melted, and pressed together with a tool (trowel) so that they are joined when the material cools.

In some cases the bituminous coating is protected by covering it with “non-fabric fabric” or sheets of plastic material stamped in relief in such a way that when two sheets overlap the edges connect together.

The handling of the roles of coating on pallets is undertaken with the help of lifting devices; the worker takes one role at a time, placing it on a flat surface for the necessary cutting.

Once waterproofing is completed, earth moving equipment is used to fill the spaces between the wall and the ground.

WORKERS

2/3 operators skilled in waterproofing.

A crane operator crane for handling material (roles on pallets, tar barrels, gas tanks).

Mechanical shovel operator.

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Crane or mobile crane, cables and harnesses for loading - unloading of roles of coating.

Tanks of liquid gas, rubber coated tubes with UNI-CIG standards, flame nozzles; infrequently, a support system for the nozzle is used; cutter, ruler, trowels and metal spatulas.

Platforms on trestles or equivalent per heights less than mt. 2; alternatively, metal scaffolding is used.

Mechanical shovel for refilling.

Chapter 3 RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

- (90%) Gas tubes for which it is impossible to determine the expiry.

- (40%) Wear on connection points between tubes and metal covering.

- (90/%) Danger of falling due to coating for overhead areas (ceilings of garages, basements etc.) because of the absence of guardrails (even when these areas have a height over mt. 2) since the railing posts must be removed to enable the coating to get by.

- (30%) Risk of falling from working areas onto trestles when the floor boards are incomplete.

- (90%) Lifting and transport of roles of coating undertaken with simple systems (forklifts) without suitably securing the load.

- (40%) Lack of shoring for the earth opposite the walls to be insulated.

- (100%) Danger of falling from the excavation edges and of coming into contact with excavation equipment during the refill phase, since the protective barriers are promptly eliminated for the operation of the mechanical shovel, without the latter’s range of action being defined.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Physical agents;

Noise: in this phase exposure to noise by workers is influenced by the use of the following equipment : nozzle

Noise rate of equipment :

Leq

(CPT)

Leq

(ASL RM - B)

Nozzle

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY

Av. Leq.

(CPT)

Lep,d

(CPT)

Lep, d

(ASL RM - B)

Coating personnel

86.3

***

*** These duties are considered to have an Lep,d between 85 and 90 dB(A)

Acoustic protection is not used against the noise produced by the impact of the flame on the coating. (100%)

Chemical risks

Aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (APH)

RESULTS

It was not possible to determine the volatile fraction for all the values observed in the installation of coating.

METHODOLOGY

Sampling. Samples were taken with the Zambelli Mod. 2 LE personal sampling device for low flows, aerosol absorption on PTFE filters porosity 2 mm according to the NIOSH 5515 method. For the volatile fraction of the APH, I.P. Zambelli Mod. TK 200 passive sampling devices were used..

Analyses. The analyses were conducted with gas chromatography with a mass detector; the accuracy of the method is 0.3 mg.

Sample timing:

Personal sampling: sampling lasted 120¸180 minutes with a constant flow of 2 l/min. for a sample volume of 240¸360 litres.

Passive sampling: sampling lasted 120¸180 minutes.

Total failure to use protection systems for the respiratory tract at the time of applying the primers (solvents) and melting of the coating.

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

- (100%) The activity takes place at the same time as others without any planning or co-ordination between the various job activities. A high percentage (90%) of building sites coming under D. Lgs 494/1996 have shown that the Safety Co-ordinators have not managed to implement the co-ordination of overlapping working stages.

- (80%) The basic lack of assessment and information on the manual handling of loads.

- (80-90%) Poor knowledge of the characteristics of the substances used (technical sheets) and the corresponding behaviour for health standards.

- (90%) The workers in the coating process do not know about the noise level to which they are exposed.

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Burns

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces or in holes

Crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Skin disease from contact with solvents

Chapter 5 - MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

In 90% of cases it is undertaken by contractors.

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 547/1955 - Art. 10 (excavation in the ground); 168, 169, 172, 181, 185; 186 (lifting and handling loads) 194 (verification of lifting devices); 374 (general maintenance);

DPR 164/1956 - Art. 4 (roads); 7 (suitability of materials and workmanlike standards); 12 (excavation operations), 13 (excavation support works), 14 (storage of material ), 16 (work over mt. 2), 51(platforms on trestles);

DPR 303/1956 - Art. 33 (medical check-ups);

D.Lgs 277/1991 - Title IV Noise - Art. 40 (assessment); , 42 (information - training); Art. 43 (acoustic protection).

D.Lgs 626/1994 - Art. 3 (protective measures) - 4 para. 2 and 11 (requirements) para. 5 d) (supply of individual protection devices) f) (request to observe company regulations) q) (fire prevention regulations); Art. 5 (worker requirements); Art. 21 and 22 letters a) d) f) q); Art. 21- 22 (general information - training); work equipment Art. 35 (employer requirements) , 37-38 (information - training) 39 (worker requirements); personal protection devices Art. 43 (employer requirements) 44 (worker requirements); Art. 48,49 (assessment and information on M.M.C.);

D.Lgs 493/1996 - Art. 2 (safety sign requirements); Art. 4 (information - training for signs)

D.Lgs 494/1996 - Art. 3 (requirements of company to which the contract is awarded), 5 (obligations of co-ordinator).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 6

WORK STAGE: Costruction OF first slab


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	BUILDING FIRST FLOOR SLAB

3. INAIL CODE:	3110

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 - DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

Once the beam or plinth foundation is completed, the supporting reinforced concrete structure of the building is started (pillars, beams and slabs).

Extensions are attached to the steel reinforcement protruding from the foundations until they reach the height of the first slab, and the formwork for casting the pillars is prepared.

In some cases cardboard casing (cylindrical pillars) or steel casing (for large size continuous walls) is used.

A worker will direct the flow of concrete into the form and undertake the vibration of the concrete, sometime before the casting is complete.

When casting the pillars a ladder or scaffolding is used to reach la height of the slabs (about mt. 3).

The casting is undertaken with a pump or a conveyor.

The subsequent stage is the construction of the horizontal formwork and casting of the beams to connect the pillars.

In this case, the formwork is braced by wood or steel supports.

Once the pillars and beams are completed, work is started on the floor slab, lift-well and stairwell.

In order to build the slab, a wooden deck is built, braced by steel supports, on which the reinforcement rods, and hollow gauged bricks are laid before casting the concrete.

In case of the use of prefabricated cement material (predalles), after an electrowelded metal reinforcement grid is laid, the concrete is poured directly on the structure.

The lift-well is built by casting the concrete into the form containing the reinforcement rods.

For the stairs, the corresponding reinforcement is prepared before casting, using wooden nailed boards containing the metal reinforcement and the necessary concrete.

The material necessary is handled with lifting devices.

WORKERS

6-10 Carpenters

2 Steel fixers

2 Workmen

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Circular saw - 20% EC brand, 80% have an average age of 7/8 years.

Steel cutter - 25% EC brand, 75% have an average age of 7 years.

Steel bender - 20% EC brand, 80% have an average age of 4 years.

Low voltage cement vibrator.

Pump for applying stripping fluid.

Chapter 3 - RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

- 1- Use of ladders:

In 90% of cases they are used without being secured ;

In 50% of cases they are not long enough (one meter above the supporting surface).

In 40% of cases they lack anti-slip coating on the edge of the steps.

In 5-10% of cases ladders are built with boards from the construction site.

- 2 Circular saw:

In 20% of cases they have no protective headset.

In 60% of cases the headset and divider no not work because they are damaged or stuck.

Total failure to use pushing tools to cut small pieces.

In 50% of cases the on-off switch is no longer complete (protection broken due to wear) and therefore it is unsuited to outdoor use.

- 3 Steel cutter

In 75% of cases the steel-cutting machine has a fixed shielding towards the cutting zone, without any device to prevent the opening of the machine when running or the stopping of the machined with the shield open.

- 4 Steel bender

4.1 - In 100% of cases the steel bending machinery has protection towards the work area.

4.2 - In 10% of cases the protection towards the transmission belts are fixed and without any device blocking the machine when the protection is open or not in the closed position.

4.3 - In 40% of cases the transmission belt housing is incomplete on the internal side.

- 5 Lifting and handling material:

5.1- In 90% of cases, in the placing of material (metallic and masonry) on the slab platform, the procedure on shifting overhead loads above the workers is not respected.

52 - In 10% of cases fixed workplaces under the range of the crane are not equipped with suitable or sufficient roofs.

5.3 - In 90% of cases loose material or masonry is lifted by a simple forklift rather than using containers or skips.

5.4- In 5% of cases the hooks do not have a closing device.

6 - Protection of head

In 98% of cases safety helmets are not worn during the construction and dismantling of structures.

7- Protection of feet

- In 2-3% of cases safety shoes are not used.

8- Protection of hands

In 90% of cases gloves are not used in the manual handling of piecing or and/or cutting loads (metal, wood and masonry).

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Chemical agents:

- for stripping oil the required safety measures are not used: gloves (50%) and facemasks (100%).

Physical agents;

Noise: workers in this phase may be exposed to a Lep,d between 80 and 85 and 85 and 90 dB(A)

In this phase exposure noise by workers is influenced by the use of the following equipment : circular saw, cement unloading with cement truck, nailing of boards.

Noise rate of equipment :

	Leq (CPT)	Leq (ASL RM - B)
Circular saw	93 - 95	93
Cement unloading with cement truck	76 - 84	85
Cement pump	74.6 – 81.1	75.4
Vibrator	74.6 – 82.7	-
Nailing	81.6 – 86.3	77 - 87
Bending and cutting	78.8	78 – 79.5

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY	Av. Leq. (CPT)	Lep,d (CPT)	Lep, d (ASL RM - B)
Carpenter	83.8	84	84.5 - 86 – 88.8
Cement truck driver	81.7	79	79
Pump operator	78	-	73.8
Vibrator operator	81	-	**
Steel bender	78.8	74	75.8
Stripping operator	84.2	-	82.5

** These duties are considered to have an Lep,d between 80 and 85 dB(A)

For woodcutting operations, in 90% of cases no acoustic protection is used.

METHODOLOGY :

See Form 1

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

- In 20-30% of building sites construction activity takes place together with other types of work or excavation and shifting of soil without suitable co-ordination of the workers by personnel and/or co-ordinators as called for under current legislation.

- Manual handling and placing of parts of the slab (metal parts ,masonry and joists ) takes place without making (90%) any assessment and therefore without giving any suitable information – training.

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces or in holes

Contusions and crushing from collisions and falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Skin disease from contact with stripping oil and cement

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Chapter 5 - MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

In 90% of cases.

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 547/1955 - Art. 10 (excavation in the ground); 41- 55-56-57 -68-71-72 -78-109 (protection of machinery); 168, 169, 181,185; 186 (lifting/handling loads) 194 (verification of lifting devices);40-328 (ground plants);267-269-270-271-282-283- 325 (electric plant safety) 374 (general maintenance)

DPR 164/1956 - Art. 4 (roads); 8 (ladders); 9 (protection fixed workplaces) ,

DPR 303/1956 - Art. 33 (medical check-ups)

D.Lgs 277/1991 - Title IV Noise - Art. 40 (assessment), 41 (procedures), 42 (information - training), 43 (personal protection devices), 44 (health check),45 (exceeding 90 dBA);

D.Lgs 626/1994 - Art. 3 (protective measures) - 4 para. 2 and 11 (requirements) para. 5 d) (supply of individual protection devices ) f) (request to observe company regulations) q) (fire prevention regulations); Art. 5 (worker requirements); Art. 21 and 22 letters a) d) f) q); Art. 21- 22 (general information - training); work equipment Art. 35 (employer requirements), 37-38 (information - training) 39 (worker requirements); personal protection devices Art. 43 (employer requirements) 44 (worker requirements); Art. 48,49 (assessment and information on M.M.C.)

D.Lgs 493/1996- Art. 2 (safety sign requirements); Art. 4 (information-training for signs)

D.Lgs 494/1996 - Art. 3 (requirements of company to which the contract is awarded), 5 (obligations of co-ordinator).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Range of action of the crane

Form 7

WORK STAGE: ERECTION and DISMANTLING OF METALLIC scaffolding


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	ERECTION AND DISMANTLING OF METAL SCAFFOLDING

3. INAIL CODE:	3100

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 - DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

The erection of metallic scaffolding closely follows the building during construction.

Installation may take place with prefabricated metal frames or with pipes and metal joints.

During the construction of the first slab, the erection of scaffolding on the perimeter of the building is started.

Erection of scaffolding

The base of the scaffolding is prepared on solid ground that is as level as possible.

The metallic structures composing the scaffolding, fitted with support disks, are placed on the ground; connections are made in such a way to set up the upright pieces for the first level at a height of about mt. 2. Afterwards, using the first level vertical pieces consisting of pipes or prefabricated frames, the supports for the second level are prepared. Once the upper part of the scaffolding level is completed, the cables are arranged for the connection of the safety cables to the workers’ belts. With the belt attached to the cable, work is continued on the scaffolding with the installation of the guardrails and diagonal pieces.

This operation continues up to the required height, with the scaffolding being secured to the building under construction in the required way, with the gangways as close as possible (in any case less than 20 cm).

The installation of scaffolding is usually undertaken by two experts in this operation. While the prefabricated frames fitted together are secured against coming apart by pivot pins, the pipes are secured with corner joints inn which the bolts are tightened with precision spanners in order to ensure homogeneous and correct tightening:

In the installation of scaffolding, the instructions in the booklet provided by the manufacturer must be explicitly followed; the manufacturer shall likewise provide certification as the standards of the product.

Layouts other than the standard one require calculation, verification and a specific design.

The dismantling of scaffolding is undertaken by undertaking the assembly operations in inverse order, taking into account that the dismantled material must not be thrown down from above but rather lowered to the ground with lifting devices (tackle block, crane, windlass) in order to avoid any damage to material that (sometimes not visible to the naked eye) could endanger the stability of the assembled scaffolding.

WORKERS

1-2 Scaffold erectors

2-3 Workmen

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Spanners for clamps, tackle block for lifting, metallic scaffolding, tower crane.

Chapter 3 RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

Failure to use personal protection devices

In 40% of cases safety belts are not used during the assembly of guardrails.

Incorrect use of belts and safety procedures in 90% of cases.

Failure to use protective helmet 90% .

In 90% of cases gloves are not used when handling elements.

Safety shoes are not used in 20% of cases.

The loading zone is not defined in 50% of cases.

Monitoring of procedures

Although there is always a worker with supervisory duties, in 30% of cases the workers, although they wear the belts, do not hook onto the safety points.

In almost all cases the supervisors fail to require compliance with company safety regulations.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Physical agents;

Noise: the workers in this phase may be exposed to a Lep,d between 80 and 85 dB(A)

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY

Av. Leq.

(CPT)

Lep,d

(CPT)

Lep, d

(ASL RM - B)

Scaffolding expert

77.6

80.4

METHODOLOGY :

See Form 1

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

(100%) The activity takes place at the same time as carpentry operations without co-ordination with the various activities.

Virtually none of the building sites covered by D. Lgs 494/1996 have shown that the Co-ordinator for the execution of works manages to implement the co-ordination of the overlapping work stages.

Information and training

In 40-50% of cases the workers have not received adequate training on the use of individual protection devices (length and securing point of the safety cable, points and applicability of the hooks for safety cables, hardly ever conformed by static calculations).

In 10% of cases the workers are not familiar enough with work safety procedures.

The persons in charge are not sufficiently well trained (convinced) of the role they undertake in supervising the workers.

Manual handling of scaffolding elements including the heaviest ones (uprights) takes place without adequate information.

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Being hit by moving vehicles

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Abrasions and contusions due to manual tools

Chapter 5 - MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

90% external firm

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 164/1956 - Art.7 (workmanlike assembly), 9 (loading point), 10 (safety belts) ; 30,32 (scaffolding).

DPR 547/1955 - Art. 168, 169 (lifting and transport devices);172 (hooks); 179 (verification of cables); Art. 181( load harness); Art. 194 (verification of lifting devices)

D.Lgs 626/1994 - Art. 3 (protective measures) - 4 para. 2 and 11 (requirements) para. 5 d) (supply of individual protection devices ) f) (request to observe company regulations) q) (fire prevention regulations); Art. 5 (worker requirements); Art. 21 and 22 letters a) d) f) q); Art. 21- 22 (general information - training); work equipment Art. 35 (employer requirements) , 37-38 (information - training) 39 (worker requirements); personal protection devices Art. 43 (employer requirements) 44 (worker requirements); Art. 48,49 (assessment and information on M.M.C.)

D.Lgs 493/1996 - Art. 2 (safety sign requirements); Art. 4 (information - training for signs)

D.Lgs 494/1996 - Art. 3 (requirements of company to which the contract is awarded), 5 (obligations of co-ordinator).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 8

WORK STAGE : CostruCTion of SECOND AND SUBSEQUENT SLABS


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	BUILDING OF SECOND AND SUBSEQUENT FLOOR SLABS

3. INAIL CODE:	3110

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 - DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

This work stage takes place at the same time as work for the assembly of the metallic scaffolding which provides protection against the danger of following outwards for the workers building the slab.

Vertical structures

Starting from the rods left protruding from the pillars, reinforcement of the pillars is continued up to the slab above.

The carpenters use wood panelling (positioned on the vertical reinforcement and nailed) to make the form of pillar in order to allow the concrete to be poured.

Pressed cardboard formwork is generally used for cylindrical pillars.

Formwork using wood or metallic elements may be used to make large structures or continuous walls and to make the walls in lift-wells.

Once the form is completed the concrete is poured using the pump or skip transported by the crane; a worker directs the flow into the form as well as vibrating the concrete in order to ensure that the flow is homogeneous.

Horizontal structures

Beams

Once the vertical supporting structures, the horizontal connecting elements (beams) are built; the construction of the horizontal form is similar to that for the vertical one, taking into account, however, that the horizontal form requires the setting up of a support also when the concrete is poured.

Slab

For the construction of the slab, the vertical supports are positioned and then the decks for covering the area of the slab are laid.

The material required for building the slab is placed on this structure: steel elements, supporting joists and hollow gauged bricks.

In some cases prefabricated elements (platforms) are used, consisting of the slab floor with supporting joists hollow gauged polystyrene bricks, on which an electrowelded metallic net is placed.

The material is placed on the working surface with the help of lifting devices or the crane.

Stripping of reinforcement

The stripping operations are conducted at regular intervals related to the consolidation time of the reinforced concrete; the supporting structures and shoring of the now hardened cement are removed, the supports are removed and the formwork detached from the ceiling with levers or other tools.

WORKERS

6-10 Carpenters

2 steel fixers

2 workmen (minimum team).

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Circular saw - 20% EC brand, 80% have an average age of 7/8 years.

Steel cutter - 25% EC brand, 75% have an average age of 7 years. Steel bender - 20% EC brand, 80% have an average age of 4 years.

Low voltage cement vibrator.

Pump for spreading stripping fluid.

Chapter 3 - RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

- 1- Use of ladders:

In 90% of cases they are used without being secured;

In 50% of cases they are not long enough (one metre above the level of arrival).

In 40% of cases they have no anti-slip coating.

A small percentage of ladders are made by nailing boards together.

- 2 Circular saw:

In 20% of cases they have no protective headset.

In 60% of cases the headset and divider no not work because they are damaged or stuck.

Total failure to use pushing tools to cut small pieces.

In 50% of cases the on-off switch is no longer complete (protection broken due to wear) and therefore it is unsuited to outdoor use.

- 3 Steel cutter

- 4 Steel bender

4.1 - In 100% of cases the steel bending machinery has protection towards the work area.

4.2 - In 10% of cases the protection towards the transmission belts are fixed and without any device blocking the machine when the protection is open or not in the closed position.

4.3 - In 40% of cases the transmission belt housing is incomplete on the internal side.

- 5 Lifting and handling material:

5.1 - In 90% of cases, in the placing of material (metallic and masonry) on the slab platform, the procedure on shifting overhead loads above the workers is not respected.

52 - In 10% of cases fixed workplaces under the range of the crane are not equipped with suitable or sufficient roofs.

5.3 - In 90% of cases loose material or masonry is lifted by a simple forklift rather than using containers or skips.

5.4 - In 5% of cases the hooks do not have a closing device.

5.5 - In 90% of cases parts of the slab (steel, masonry and joists) are handled without the use of protective gloves;

6 - Protection of head

- In 98% of cases safety helmets are not worn during the construction and dismantling of structures.

- In 50% of cases the protective helmets are not used during stripping operations.

7- Protection of feet

- In 2-3% of cases safety shoes are not used.

- 8 Danger of falling for persons and objects

8.1 Falling outwards

- In 20% of cases observed the assembly of the scaffolding does not accompany the building work under way.

- In 90 % of cases carpenters work with incomplete scaffolding:

a ) - in 50% of cases on metal scaffolding some of the securing devices are not in compliance with the instruction booklet and ordinary standards;

b) - in 70-80% of cases the assembly of the scaffolding is not undertaken in a workmanlike manner (lack of securing pins on overlapping uprights and part of the front or rear diagonal elements;

c) - in 80% of cases , the non-compliance of assembly with workmanlike standards regards the lack of small stretches of guardrails (end railings) and the installation of guardrails without toeboards and/or stopper for the base of uprights.

8.2 Falling inwards

- In 40% of cases the metal scaffolding consisting of prefabricated frames is not close enough to the building due to the latter’s profile, leaving large openings between the scaffolding and the wall.

- In 90% of building sites there are distances of over 20 cm between the scaffolding and the building.

- In 50% of building sites the openings in slabs formed by stair-wells, lift-wells, air-wells etc. are not provided with suitable protection.

- In 99% of cases work is undertaken on the slab surface with danger of falling onto the slab below.

8.3 Falling objects

- In 70-80% of cases protection against the falling of material from above (valence) is incomplete.

8.4 Falling on protruding reinforcement

In 90% of cases there is no protection against persons falling on protruding reinforcement.

HEALTH RISKS

- for stripping fluid the required safety measures are not used: gloves (50%) and facemasks (100%).

- noise from woodcutting operations: in 90% of cases acoustic protection is not used.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Physical agents;

Noise: see Form 6

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

- In 20-30% of building sites building activity takes place together with others or with excavation and earth moving without the interaction of this work being suitably co-ordinated by the persons in charge and/or Co-ordinators required under current legislation.

- Handling and manual installation of parts of the slab (steel, masonry and joists ) takes place without (90%) any assessment and therefore suitable information - training;

- In all cases the operations for carpentry dismantling take place without a pre-set procedure and in 90% of cases without any supervision.

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces or in holes

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Skin disease from contact with stripping oil and cement

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Chapter 5 - MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

Work sub-contracted in 90% of building sites.

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 547/1955 - Art. 10 (openings in slabs); 41- 55-56-57 -68-71-72 -78-109 (protection of machinery); 168, 169, 172, 181,185; 186 (lifting/handling loads) 194 (verification of lifting devices);40-328 (ground plants);267-269-270-271-282-283-325 (installation of electric plant); 374 (general maintenance);

DPR 164/1956 - Art. 4 (roads); 7 (suitability of materials and workmanlike standards); 8 (ladders); 9 (protection fixed workplaces), 12 (excavation machinery); 17 (person in charge); 23 (scaffolding); 24 (guardrails); 27 (sub-scaffolding) ; 28 (valence); 30-33-36-37 (metal scaffolding);

DPR 303/1956 Art. 33 (medical check-ups)

D.Lgs 277/1991 - Title IV Noise - Art. 40 (assessment), 41 (procedures), 42 (information - training), 43 (personal protection devices), 44 (health check),45 (exceeding 90 dBA);

D.Lgs 626/1994 - Art. 3 (protective measures) - 4 para. 2 and 11 (requirements) para. 5 d) (supply of individual protection devices ) f) (request to observe company regulations) q) (fire prevention regulations); Art. 5 (worker requirements); Art. 21 and 22 letters a) d) f) q); Art. 21- 22 (general information - training); work equipment Art. 35 (employer requirements) , 37-38 (information - training) 39 (worker requirements); personal protection devices Art. 43 (employer requirements) 44 (worker requirements); Art. 48,49 (assessment and information on M.M.C.);

D.Lgs 493/1996 - Art. 2 (safety sign requirements); Art. 4 (information - training for signs)

D.Lgs 494/1996 - Art. 3 (requirements of company to which the contract is awarded), 5 (obligations of co-ordinator).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Transit of crane jib and load in areas adjacent to the building site.

Form 9

WORK STAGE: Costruction of roof slab


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	BUILDING OF ROOF SLAB

3. INAIL CODE:	3110

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 - DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

The construction technique for reinforced concrete roof slabs is basically no different from that for the previous slabs; however, there may be architectural changes according to the design of the roof.

The roof slab involves the construction of the supporting structure of the laundry rooms and lift cabins; as stated previously, the pillars, beams and the roof slab are made according to the procedures used for reinforced concrete described in forms 6, 8.

These structures have heights varying between about m 2.20 and m 4.00.

WORKERS

6-10 carpenters

2 Steel fixers

2 Workmen

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Circular saw - 20% EC brand, 80% have an average age of 7/8 years.

Steel cutter - 25% EC brand, 75% have an average age of 7 years. Steel bender - 20% EC brand, 80% have an average age of 4 years.

Low voltage cement vibrator.

Pump for spreading stripping fluid.

Chapter 3 - RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

- 1- Use of ladders:

In 90% of cases they are used without being secured;

In 50% of cases they are not long enough (one metre above the level of arrival).

In 40% of cases they have no anti-slip coating.

A small percentage of ladders are made by nailing boards together.

- 2 Circular saw:

In 20% of cases they have no protective headset.

In 60% of cases the headset and divider no not work because they are damaged or stuck.

Total failure to use pushing tools to cut small pieces.

In 50% of cases the on-off switch is no longer complete (protection broken due to wear) and therefore it is unsuited to outdoor use.

- 3 Steel cutter

- 4 Steel bender

4.1 - In 100% of cases the steel bending machinery has protection towards the work area.

4.2 - In 10% of cases the protection towards the transmission belts are fixed and without any device blocking the machine when the protection is open or not in the closed position.

4.3 - In 40% of cases the transmission belt housing is incomplete on the internal side.

- 5 Lifting and handling material:

5.1- In 90% of cases, in the placing of material (metallic and masonry) on the slab platform, the procedure on shifting overhead loads above the workers is not respected.

52 - In 10% of cases fixed workplaces under the range of the crane are not equipped with suitable or sufficient roofs.

5.3 - In 90% of cases loose material or masonry is lifted by a simple forklift rather than using containers or skips.

5.4- In 5% of cases the hooks do not have a closing device.

5.5 - In 90% of cases parts of the slab (steel, masonry and joists) are handled without the use of protective gloves;

6 - Protection of head

- In 98% of cases safety helmets are not worn during the construction and dismantling of structures.

- In 50% of cases the protective helmets are not used during stripping operations.

7- Protection of feet

- In 2-3% of cases safety shoes are not used.

- 8 Danger of falling for persons and objects

8.1 Falling outwards

- In 20% of cases observed the assembly of the scaffolding does not accompany the building work under way.

- In 90 % of cases carpenters work with incomplete scaffolding:

a ) - in 50% of cases on metal scaffolding some of the securing devices are not in compliance with the instruction booklet and ordinary standards;

b) - in 70-80% of cases the assembly of the scaffolding is not undertaken in a workmanlike manner (lack of securing pins on overlapping uprights and part of the front or rear diagonal elements;

8.2 Falling inwards

- In 90% of building sites there are distances of over 20 cm between the scaffolding and the building.

- In 50% of building sites the openings in slabs formed by stair-wells, lift-wells, air-wells etc. are not provided with suitable protection.

- In 99% of cases work is undertaken on the slab surface with danger of falling onto the slab below.

8.3 Falling objects

- In 70-80% of cases protection against the falling of material from above (valence) is incomplete.

8.4 Falling on protruding reinforcement

In 90% of cases there is no protection against persons falling on protruding reinforcement.

HEALTH RISKS

- for stripping fluid the required safety measures are not used: gloves (50%) and facemasks (100%).

- noise from woodcutting operations: in 90% of cases acoustic protection is not used.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Physical agents;

Noise: see Form 6

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

The construction of slabs goes on for a long time together with the assembly of the scaffolding; in this case, there is a total lack of planning and co-ordination between the various activities in order to highlight the dangers involved in simultaneous works. A high percentage (85-90%) of building sites coming under D. Lgs 494/1996 have shown that the Safety Co-ordinators have not managed to implement the co-ordination of overlapping working stages.

- Handling and manual installation of parts of the slab (steel, masonry and joists ) takes place without (90%) any assessment and therefore suitable information - training;

- In all cases the operations for carpentry dismantling take place without a pre-set procedure and in 90% of cases without any supervision.

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces or in holes

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Skin disease from contact with stripping oil and cement

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Chapter 5 - MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

Work sub-contracted in 90% of building sites.

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 547/1955 - Art. 10 (openings in slabs); 41- 55-56-57 -68-71-72 -78-109 (protection of machinery); 168, 169,172, 181,185; 186 (lifting/handling loads) 194 (verification of lifting devices);40-328 (ground plants);267-269-270-271-282-283- (installation of electric plant); 374 (general maintenance);

DPR 164/1956 - Art. 4 (roads); 7 (suitability of materials and workmanlike standards); 8 (ladders); 9 (protection fixed workplaces), 12 (excavation machinery); 17 (person in charge); 23 (scaffolding); 24 (guardrails); 27 (under-scaffolding) ; 28 (valence); 30-33-36-37 (metal scaffolding);

DPR 303/1956 - Art. 33 (medical check-ups)

D.Lgs 277/1991 - Title IV Noise - Art. 40 (assessment), 41 (procedures), 42 (information - training), 43 (personal protection devices), 44 (health check),45 (exceeding 90 dBA);

D.Lgs 626/1994 - Art. 3 (protective measures) - 4 para. 2 and 11 (requirements) para. 5 d) (supply of individual protection devices ) f) (request to observe company regulations) q) (fire prevention regulations); Art. 5 (worker requirements); Art. 21 and 22 letters a) d) f) q); Art. 21- 22 (general information - training); work equipment Art. 35 (employer requirements) , 37-38 (information - training) 39 (worker requirements); personal protection devices Art. 43 (employer requirements) 44 (worker requirements); Art. 48,49 (assessment and information on M.M.C.);

D.Lgs 493/1996 - Art. 2 (safety sign requirements); Art. 4 (information - training for signs)

D.Lgs 494/1996 - Art. 3 (requirements of company to which the contract is awarded), 5 obligations of co-ordinator).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Transit of crane jib and load in areas adjacent to the building site.

Form 10

WORK STAGE: EXTERNAL FILLING OF CEMENT STRUCTURE


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	EXTERNAL FILLING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENTS

3. INAIL CODE:	3100

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 - DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

The construction site worker or expert bricklayer traces the lines using a ruler, string, string holder and colouring in powder form if necessary.

The workmen unload the masonry and material from the lorry to prepare the cement mortar.

The workman operating crusher loads the mixer or crusher with cement, sand, pozzolan, lime and water; the operation takes place by opening and casting from the bags or by loading with a shovel. In 50% of cases (larger building sites) a pre-mixed mortar is used, ready for use and transported in bags with a dry weight of 25 kg

The mortar prepared on the construction site is brought to the work areas on each floor in skips with winches or a crane, or in a wheel-barrow and/or equivalent types of containers. The pre-mixed mortar is brought to the various floor in bags and mixed there. Masonry is handled with cranes or winches.

When using masonry, the bricklayers cut bricks etc. if necessary and builds the walls with manual tools, using fixed scaffolding and mobile platforms on trestles in order to reach high positions. For cutting masonry they use circular saws (clippers) for curtain walls or with manual tools for hollow bricks.

WORKERS

2-3 Bricklayers/masons

3-4 Workmen

Crane operator

Assistant

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT and machinery

Fixed scaffolding - Platforms on trestles - Lorry - Manual tools - Tower crane: 20% E.C. brand, 80% average age 8-10 years – Jib or trestle winch with capacity up to 200 kg - Winches with capacity over 200 kg - Crusher: 30% E.C. brand, 70% average age 5 years. - Portable grinder - Circular saw (clipper): 20% E.C. brand, 80% average age 5-6 years -

Chapter 3 – RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

Temporary works and metal scaffolding not complying with workmanlike standards: work not complying with the instruction booklet supplied with the ministry authorisation in 90% of cases; guardrails incomplete due to the lack of the base supporting the upright or the end railing in 25% of cases; scaffolding incomplete, loose or incompatible (wood - metal) in 40% of cases; distance of scaffolding from building in various points in 80% of cases; securing devices inadequate or made differently from the ones indicated in the instruction booklet in 10% of cases; lack bases at feet of uprights, connecting pins, wind-bracing in 80% of cases; non-completion of safety scaffolding (valence) in 80% or it complete absence in a few cases and in small building sites; safety measures under scaffolding absent or incomplete in 15% of cases; lack of guardrails or covering of openings in the slab in 2-3% of cases; unsuitable protection of openings in slab in 30% of cases (boards not secured against shifting and/or non-standard thickness).

Slabs with openings or unevenness over 50 cm in 10% of cases with risk of falling.

Mechanical handling of material: in 95% of cases co-ordination for entry and movement of the lorry is inadequate, with the risk of workers being run over; in 90% of cases the co-ordination the manoeuvres with the crane takes place without respecting safety regulations, with the the risk of workers being hit or crushed by overhead skips.

Circular saw: in 10-15% of cases the protective garment is not used or does not work properly, with the risk of cuts, abrasions to arms.

Handling loads: in 90% of cases gloves are not used, with risk of cuts and abrasions to hands; in 5% of cases safety shoes are not used, with risk of contusions and fractures to feet.

Lifting and handling material: in 90% of cases masonry is handled with simple platforms and not with bins, with risk of falling material.

Cables unprotected against damage for mechanical reasons in 95% of cases and protection of switches (crusher, clipper) damaged by wear in 20% of cases: risk of electrocution.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Physical agents;

Noise: the workers in this phase may be exposed to a Lep,d between 80 and 85 and 85 and 90 dB(A) and over 90 dB(A)

In this phase exposure to noise by workers is influenced by the use of the following equipment : circular saw, crusher, cement mixer

Noise rate of equipment :

	Leq (CPT)	Leq (ASL RM - B)
Circular saw (clipper)	92.9 – 104.4	98.3 - 105
Cement mixer	77.3 - 86	-
Crusher	-	85

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY	Av. Leq. (CPT)	Lep,d (CPT)	Lep, d (ASL RM - B)
Crusher operator	-	-	83.8
Cement worker (cement mixer)	83	82	*
Clipper operator	101.9	90	95.3 - 102
Bricklayer (with clipper running)	-	-	81.7- 86

* These duties are considered to have an Lep,d between 80 and 85 dB(A)

The 20% of the workers in masonry cutting are not provided with acoustic protection, and 70% does not use it.

METHODOLOGY :

See Form 1

Chemical agents

Cement and mortar dust during the opening of bags for loading the mixer: 95% of the workmen do not use facemasks.

Allergy-producing substances (components of mortar): in 90% of cases they are handled without gloves.

Dust from mechanical cutting of masonry, in 30-40% of cases it is made in a dry condition, and in the rest with water; 95% of the workers do not use facemasks.

During the loading of the mixer and the wet cutting of masonry with the clipper, dust samples were taken.

RESULTS

Breathable dust. The samples taken during the mixer loading and wet cutting with the clipper gave the following respective average values: 1.12 mg and 9.26 mg/m³.

TLV-TWA inhalable dust: 10 mg/m³.

TLV-TWA breathable dust: 3 mg/m³.

METHODOLOGY

Breathable dust. The examinations made on not otherwise classified dust (NOCD) were made using the UNICHIM M.U. 285 and M.U. 316 methods. The filters (F 47 mm, porosity 0.45 mm) were conditioned in a thermostatic oven before and after sampling and weighed on AA MOD. 200DS precision scales, minimum scale 0.01 mg. The samples were taken with a Zambelli ZB2 air pump for high and low flows and with in stainless steel test containers with the Lippman method.

Sampling time

a) Mixer loading, the samples were taken for 60 minutes on a volume of 800¸900 litres.

b) Wet cutting clipper, the samples were taken for 50¸60 minutes on a volume of 700¸900 litres.

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

M.M.C.: in 30% of cases of cases the lifting and carrying of 50 kg bags (cement and lime) is undertaken by one worker only due to the lack of training and information of the workers; mixer loading is undertaken with a shovel, with workers often bending and twisting their backs.

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces or in holes

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Skin disease from contact with mortar and cement

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Traumatic injuries from contact with moving parts

Respiratory pathology from dust inhalation

Chapter 5 – measures adopted

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

90% external firm

Chapter 7 - legislation

DPR 547/1955 – 127 (crusher protection), 168, 169,172, 181,185; 186 (lifting/handling loads) 194 (verification of lifting devices);40-328 (ground plants);267-269-270-271-282-283- (installation of electric plant); 374 (general maintenance);

DPR 164/1956 - Art. 4 (roads); 7 (suitability of materials and workmanlike standards); 23(scaffolding); 24 (guardrails); 27 (under-scaffolding) ; 28 (valence); 30-33-36-37 (metal scaffolding);68 (openings in slabs)

DPR 303/1956 - Art. 33 (medical check-ups)

D.Lgs 277/1991 - Title IV Noise - Art. 40 (assessment)

D.Lgs 493/1996 - Art. 2 (safety sign requirements); Art. 4 (information-training for signs)

D.Lgs 494/1996 - Art. 3 (requirements of company to which the contract is awarded), 5 (obligations of co-ordinator).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 11

WORK STAGE: PARTITION WALLS


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	PARTITION WALLS

3. INAIL CODE:	3100

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 – DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

The construction stages of the walls proceed as for external filling (see Form 10), except that fixed scaffolding is not used since work takes place inside the buildings.

The bricklayers install the wooden frames in the wall openings for the doors, fixing them with brackets using manual tools.

The grooves and holes are made in the walls for installing utilities, using manual tools, grooving machines and electric drills. A small concrete breaker is sometimes used.

WORKERS

The same as for “external filling”.

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT and machinery

The same as for “external filling”, with the addition of the electric demolition hammer, in 20% of cases with E.C. brand, and without the use of fixed scaffolding.

Chapter 3 – RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

Platforms on trestles are not in compliance with standards in 50% of cases.

Temporary works unsuitable for boards, unsuitable or incomplete (trap doors, guardrails) in 10% of cases with risk of falling from above.

Mechanical handling of material: in 70% of cases the co-ordination of transport manoeuvres with the crane takes place without scrupulous compliance with safety regulations, with the risk of hitting with overhead skips.

Handling loads: in 60% of cases gloves are not used, with risk of cuts and abrasions to hands; in 5% of cases safety shoes are not used, with risk of contusions and fractures to feet.

Cables not protected against damage for mechanical reasons in 10-20% of cases, with possible risk of electrocution.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Physical agents;

Noise: the workers in this phase may be exposed to a Lep,d between 80 and 85 dB(A) and over 90 dB(A)

In this phase exposure to noise by the workers is influenced by the use of the following equipment: concrete breaker, electric grooving machine, chisels, axes.

Noise rate of equipment:

	Leq (CPT)	Leq (ASL RM - B)
Electric grooving machine	97.2 – 98.5	-
Manual grooving	79 – 89.1	85
Concrete breaker		98.4
Cement truck	77.3 - 86	-
Crusher	-	85

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY	Av. Leq. (CPT)	Lep,d (CPT)	Lep, d (ASL RM - B)
Crusher operator	-	-	83,8
Cement mixer operator	83	82	*
Bricklayer (manual grooving)	86.5	82	*
Bricklayer (grooving with electric tools)	96.3	94	**

* These duties are considered to have an Lep,d between 80 and 85 dB(A)

** These duties are considered to have an Lep,d over 90 dB(A)

METHODOLOGY:

See Form 1

Chemical agents:

Allergy-producing substances (components of mortar): in 90% of cases they are handled without gloves.

Cement and lime dust during the opening of bags for loading the mixer: 95% of workmen do not use facemasks.

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

M.M.C.: in 30% of cases of cases the lifting and carrying of bags up to 50 kg (cement and lime) is undertaken by only one worker due to lack of training and information of the workers; the loading of the mixer is undertaken with a shovel, with workers often bending and twisting their backs.

Chapter 4 – EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces or in holes

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Skin disease from contact with mortar and cement

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Traumatic injuries from contact with moving parts

Respiratory pathology from dust inhalation

Injury from ejection of material

Chapter 5 – MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

Contracted in 90% of cases

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 164/56 - Art. 24 (guardrails); Art. 23 (scaffolding); Art. 8 (ladders); Art. 51 (platforms on trestles); Art. 28 (valences).

DPR 547/55 - Art. 190 (verification of crane); Art. 127 (crusher protection); Art. 181 (load harness); Art. 186, 187 (moving people away from the area with the risk of falling loads); Art.194 (verification of lifting devices over 200 kg); Art. 267 (electric plant); Art. 381, 382, 383, 384 387 (individual protective devices for head, eyes, hands, feet and breathing).

DPR 303/56: Art. 21 (dust protection).

D.Lgs 626/94 - 242/96: Art. 4/c 5/f (obligations of employers, managers, persons in charge); Art. 5/c 2/f (worker requirements); Art. 49 (correct handling of loads).

D.L. 277/91 - Art. 43 (acoustic protection)

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 12

WORK STAGE: UTILITIES


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	UTILITIES

3. INAIL CODE:	3610

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 - Description of stage

The organisations supplying water, power and gas install the utilities themselves or by sub-contracting. With regard to urbanisation work, the distribution points are first determined and the various utilities of the building site are provided by them.

These outlet points supply the lines for the building with specific trenches being excavated for this purpose. Excavations are made starting from the building for laying the pipe to which the drain shafts and then the sewer lines will be connected.

The workmen the plumbing, heating and electrical material from the truck, delivering it to the various floors by the crane or winches.

The following elements are used for the various utilities:

1) gas plant:

a – upright pipe: welded or filleted steel pipe;

b – internal pipes: coated welded steel or solid copper pipes;

2) water supply plant:

- filleted galvanised steel or thermowelded polypropylene pipes;

3) heating system:

- insulated copper pipe;

4) drainage and sewer system:

a - PVC pipes cut with a handsaw and glued with silicone adhesive;

b – hot welded polypropylene pipes;

c - joints with packing;

d – cement shafts;

5) electric plant:

a – corrugated plastic pipes laid in grooves and on floors;

b – plastic boxes for connections, switches and electric panels.

Once the systems have been installed the bricklayers close the holes and grooves and secure the boxes with cement or plaster.

WORKERS

1 Bricklayer/mason

3-4 Workmen

2-3 Electricians

3-4 Plumbers

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT and machinery

Lorry - Tower crane: 20% E.C. brand, 80% average age 7-8 years – Jib or trestle winches (E.C.) - Platforms on trestles - Ladders - Manual tools – Thread-cutting shears - Concrete breaker - Thermowelder - Electric drill.

Chapter 3 – RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

Platforms on trestles lacking boards in 90% of cases or with unsuitable wooden trestles in 15% of cases.

Ladders without anti-slip coating on the edge of the steps in 50% of cases, made with nailed boards in 5%, not held or secured at the foot in 95% of cases.

Handling loads: in 90% of cases gloves are not used, with risk of cuts and abrasions to hands; in 5% of cases safety shoes are not used, with risk of contusions and fractures to feet.

Mechanical handling of material: in 20% of cases the load harness of loads is not suitable and in 60% the co-ordination in the stages handling of material with the crane is insufficient, with the risk of material falling on the workers.

Excavation work: persons working in the range of action of the excavator in 95% of cases; lack of markers along the excavation in 10%; insufficient protection of upper edge of excavation in 80% of cases.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Chemical agents;

Cement dust during the groove-drilling and enlargement operations: 90% of workmen do not use facemasks.

Glue and sealants irritating for the skin and mucous membranes: in 50% of cases they are handled without gloves and facemasks.

Physical agents;

Noise: the workers in this phase may be exposed to a Lep,d less than 80, between 80 and 85 and between 85 and 90 dB(A)

In this phase exposure to noise by workers is influenced by the use of the following equipment: Threading machine, Drill, Concrete breaker.

Noise rate of equipment:

	Leq (CPT)	Leq (ASL RM - B)
Threading machine	84.7 – 88.5	-
Drill	86.1 – 93.8	-
Concrete breaker	97.1	98.4

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY	Av. Leq. (CPT)	Lep,d (CPT)	Lep, d (ASL RM - B)
Plumber (pipe laying)	76	-	*
Plumber (electric tools)	87,7	-	***
Plumber (installation of fixtures)	77,4	-	*
Plumber (installation of radiators)	82,7	-	**
Electrician	-	-	*

* This duty is considered to have an Lep,d less than 80 dB(A)

** These duties are considered to have an Lep,d between 80 and 85 dB(A)

*** These duties are considered to have an Lep,d between 85 and 90 dB(A)

In woodcutting operations, in 90% of cases no acoustic protection is used.

METHODOLOGY:

See Form 1

COMBINED or organiTIONAL

M.M.C.: in 50% of cases the unloading of heavy and voluminous material takes place with improper procedures, often due to the lack of information and training; in 20-30% of cases the operations take place in small spaces, with workers overloaded and bending their backs.

Chapter 4 – expected harm

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces or in holes

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Injury from ejection of material

Burns

Chapter 5 – measures adopted

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

100% of cases

Chapter 7 - legislation

DPR 164/56 - Art. 24 (guardrails); Art. 7, 20, 23, 27, 28, 35 (scaffolding); Art. 12 (mechanical excavation works); Art. 8 (ladders); Art. 51 (platforms on trestles); Art. 55, 56 (skips).

DPR 547/55 - Art. 181 (load harness); Art. 186 (moving people away from the area with the risk of falling loads); Art. 194 (verification of lifting devices over 200 kg); Art. 381, 382, 383, 384, 387 (individual protective devices for head, eyes, hands, feet and breathing).

DPR 303/56 - Art. 21 (dust protection).

D.Lgs 626/94 - 242/96:Art.4/c 5/f (obligations of employers, managers, persons in charge); Art. 5/c 2/f (worker requirements); 49 (information and training of personnel on correct handling of loads).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 13

WORK STAGE: EXTERNAL PLASTERING


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	EXTERNAL PLASTERING

3. INAIL CODE:	3140

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 – DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

The workmen unload the material from the lorry, loose or in bags, to prepare the mortar for plastering. They use shovels to load the mixer or crusher with cement, sand or other inert material, lime and water; In 50% of cases a pre-mixed cement plaster is used with only water being added. The mortar is prepared directly at the place of use or according to the capacity of the mixers on each floor.

The bricklayers apply the first coat and then the final plastering, using manual tools and carrying the mortar in small buckets; they work on fixed scaffolding. Increasingly (50-60% of cases) an automatic compressed air mixer is used, that sprays of more liquid cement plaster with suitable additives.

The surface still wet with the first plaster is smoothed by hand using a trowel; the next layer of finer mortar is then applied (glue) and then the plaster itself, before finishing with paint.

WORKERS

2-3 Plaster-layers

1-2 Workmen

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT and machinery

Fixed scaffolding - Lorry - Tower crane: 80% E.C. brand, 20% average age 7-8 years. – Jib or trestle winch - Crusher: 80% E.C. brand, 20% average age 8 years - Cement mixer: 80% E.C. brand, 20% average age 8 years - Manual tools – Automatic mixer-sprayer with E.C. brand in 90% of cases.

Chapter 3 – RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

Handling loads: in 90% of cases gloves are not used, with risk of cuts and abrasions to hands; in 5% of cases safety shoes are not used, with risk of contusions and fractures to feet.

Mechanical handling of material: in 95% of cases co-ordination for entry and movement of the lorry or cement truck is inadequate, with the risk of workers being run over; in 90% of cases the co-ordination of transport manoeuvres with the crane takes place without respecting safety regulations, with the risk of workers being hit or crushed by overhead skips.

Raising of floor or platform with trestles or other material in 50% of cases, with danger of falling over the railing.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Chemical agents;

Cement and lime dust during the loading of the mixers: 90% of workmen do not use facemasks.

Substances producing skin allergy (plaster additives): in 90% of cases they are handled without gloves.

See Form 10

Physical agents;

Noise: the workers in this phase may be exposed to a Lep,d between 80 and 85 dB(A) and 85 and 90 dB(A)

In this phase exposure to noise of the workers is influenced by the use of the following equipment: crusher, cement mixer, automatic plaster mixer

Noise rate of equipment :

	Leq (CPT)	Leq (ASL RM - B)
Cement mixer	79.-7 – 80.5	-
Automatic plaster mixer	80.5 – 85.3	87
Gun	82.7 – 90.7	91
Plaster mixer	77.3 - 86	-
Crusher	-	85

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY	Av. Leq. (CPT)	Lep,d (CPT)	Lep, d (ASL RM - B)
Crusher operator	-	-	83.8
Plaster mixer (cement mixer)	83	82	*
Worker for traditional plaster	74.6	77	**
Worker for industrial plaster	88.6	85	88

* These duties are considered to have an Lep,d between 80 and 85 dB(A)

** These duties are considered to have an Lep,d less than 80 dB(A

METHODOLOGY:

See Form 1

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

M.M.C.: in 60% of cases the lifting and carrying of 30-50 kg bags is undertaken by only one worker; in 90% of cases when the mixer is used it is loaded with a shovel, with workers often bending and twisting their backs. When laying plaster the worker has to pull the plumb line on the surface, overloading the spinal column with a twisting movement.

Chapter 4 – EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces or in holes

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Skin disease from contact with mortar and cement

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Traumatic injuries from contact with moving parts

Respiratory pathology from dust inhalation

Eye injuries from splashes of liquid mortar

Chapter 5 – MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

90% of cases

Chapter 7 - legislation

DPR 164/56 - Art. 7, 20, 23, 27, 28, 35 (fixed scaffolding); Art. 24 (guardrails); Art. 51 (platforms on trestles); Art. 55, 56 (skips); Art. 190 (verification of crane range).

DPR 547/55 - Art. 127 (crusher protection); Art. 181 (load harness); Art. 194 (verification of lifting equipment); Art. 381, 382, 383, 384, 387 (individual protective devices for head, eyes, hands, feet and breathing).

DPR 303/56 - Art. 21 (dust protection).

D.L.vo 626/94 - 242/96: Art. 4/c 5/f (obligations of employers, managers, persons in charge); Art. 5/c 2/f (worker requirements); Art. 49 (information and training of personnel on correct handling of loads).

Chapter 8 - External risk

Not observed

Form 14

WORK STAGE : INDOOR PLASTERING


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	INTERNAL PLASTERING

3. INAIL CODE:	3140

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 – DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

The preliminary stages are the same as for external plastering (Form 13) up to the carrying of the cement plaster to the various floors.

The plaster-layers work on platforms on trestles inside the building, applying the plaster on the walls with manual tools. A compressed-air plastering machine, which sprays a more liquid mixture with suitable additives, is also often used for indoor work. Work often takes place using artificial lighting with temporary connections.

For bathrooms and kitchens an undercoat is first applied, and then a layer suited to the final coating. In the other rooms and the stairwell there is a single layer of plaster.

WORKERS

2-3 workers (plaster-layers)

1-2 workmen

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT and machinery

Platforms on trestles - Lorry - Tower crane: 80% E.C. brand, 20% average age 7-8 years - Jib or trestle winches - Crusher: 80% E.C. brand, 20% average age 8 years - Cement mixer: 80% E.C. brand, 20% average age 8 years - Manual tools - Automatic plaster mixer with E.C. brand in 90% of cases.

Chapter 3 –RISK FACTORS

Accidents

Platforms on trestles incomplete in 70% of cases with risk of falling to the floor.

Temporary works unsuitable for boards, unsuitable or incomplete; lack of guardrails or covering of openings in the slab in 2-3% of cases; unsuitable protection of openings in slab in 30% of cases (boards not secured against shifting and/or non-standard thickness).

Handling loads: in 90% of cases gloves are not used, in 80% helmets are not used, in 5% safety shoes are not used.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Chemical risks;

Cement and mortar dust during the loading of the mixers: 90% of workmen do not use facemasks.

Substances producing skin allergy (plaster additives): in 90% of cases they are handled without gloves and without goggles during spraying.

See Form n.10

Physical risks;

Noise: see Form n.13

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

Chapter 4 – EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces or in holes

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Skin disease from contact with mortar and cement

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Traumatic injuries from contact with moving parts

Respiratory pathology from dust inhalation

Eye injuries from splashes of liquid mortar

Chapter 5 – MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

90% of cases

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 164/56 - Art. 8 (ladders); Art. 24 (guardrails); Art. 51 (platforms on trestles); Art. 55, 56 (skips).

DPR 547/55 - Art. 127 (crusher protection); Art. 181 (load harness); Art. 194 (verification of lifting devices over 200 kg); Art. 282 (electric cables subject to damage); Art. 317 (portable electric lamps); Art. 378, 379 (protective clothing); Art. 381, 382, 383, 384, 387 (individual protective devices for head, eyes, hands, feet and breathing).

DPR 303/56 - Art. 21 (dust protection).

D.L.vo 626/94 - 242/96: Art. 4/c 5/f (obligations of employers, managers, persons in charge); Art. 5/c 2/f ((worker requirements); Art. 49 (information and training of personnel on correct handling of loads).

Chapter 8 – EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 15

WORK STAGE: PREPARATION OF BASE FOR FLOOR – LAYING OF FLOORS AND COATINGS

1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	PREPARATION OF BASE FOR FLOOR AND COATING

3. INAIL CODE:	3140

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 – DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

The material for the mortar is unloaded and carried as in the previous stages.

The cement mixer or automatic mixer is loaded with cement, sand and water; the mixture is then brought to the various floors with crane and winches, using skips, or propelled with the mixer pump.

In the larger building sites (50-60% of cases) the mortar is brought already mixed in the cement truck; the cement mixer pump is used to lay the cement.

On the top floor, a heat insulating material consisting of polyurethane, honeycomb cement and expanded clay or vermiculite is laid on the floor slab. After the cement coating, the waterproof coating is laid, and after a further cement coating the flooring is laid directly or with glue.

On the other floors, once the cement is laid, the tilesetters install the floor tiles, trimming them if necessary with the clipper or a manual cutter. The glue is applied to the base with manual tools and the floor coating is laid; the spaces are filled with semi–liquid cement or plaster, which is then cleaned with damp sawdust.

For bathrooms and kitchens the tilesetters use pliers or a portable grinder to shape the coating material in order to allow for the passage of pipes and electric and plumbing fixtures. The glue is then used to apply the coating.

The floors of basements and garages are made with smoothed cement mortar using the appropriate machine (surfacer).

WORKERS

2-3 Bricklayers/masons

2-3 Tilesetters

1-2 Workmen

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT and machinery

Cement mixer: 80% E.C. brand, 20% average age 8 years – Pressure mixer - Cement truck - Tower crane: 80% E.C. brand, 20% average age 7-8 years - Jib or trestle winches - Circular saw (clipper): 20% E.C. brand, 80% average age 7-8 years - Portable grinder - Manual tools - Tile-presser - Surfacer

Chapter 3 - RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

Handling loads: in 90% of cases gloves are not used; in 5% of cases safety shoes are not used.

Mechanical handling of material: in 5% of cases co-ordination for entry and movement of the lorry is inadequate, with the risk of workers being run over; in 10-15% of cases the co-ordination of transport manoeuvres with the crane takes place without respecting safety regulations, with the risk of workers being hit or crushed by overhead skips.

Pressure mixer: in 80% of cases there is no protection of moving parts with the risk of injuring hands.

Handling the pump tube: in 10-20% of cases it is operated by only one worker, with the risk of contusions, abrasions and fractures due to being struck by parts of the tube or the flowing mortar.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Chemical agents

Cement and lime dust during the loading of the mixer: 90% of workmen do not use facemasks.

Dust from cutting of material (cement, marble, ceramics): 20-30% of tilesetters do not use facemasks.

Allergy-producing substances (components of mortar, adhesive additives): in 50% of cases the tilesetters do not use protective gloves

Aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (APH): See Form n. 5

Physical agents

Noise: the workers in this phase may be exposed to a Lep,d between 80 and 85 and 85 and 90 dB(A).

In this phase exposure to noise of the workers is influenced by the use of the following equipment : circular saw, portable grinder, tile-presser, surfacer.

Noise rate of equipment :

	Leq (CPT)	Leq (ASL RM - B)
Circular saw (clipper)	92.9 – 104.4	98.3 - 105
Portable grinder	106	99
Tile-presser	95.5	98.8
Surfacer	-	86.4

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY

Av. Leq.

(CPT)

Lep,d

(CPT)

Lep, d

(ASL RM - B)

Floor-layer

89.8

Floor-layer (industrial floors)

82.4

During the use of equipment, in 90% of cases no acoustic protection is used.

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

M.M.C.: 50 kg bags (cement and lime) is undertaken by one worker only due to the lack of training and information of the workers; in 90% of cases mixer loading is undertaken with a shovel, with workers often bending and twisting their backs. The cement mixer pipe-pump is operated in 10-20% of cases by one worker only, overloading the spinal column with a twisting movement. Most of the work takes place on the floor with material being shifted by hand

Chapter - 4 EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Skin disease from contact with mortar, cement and solvents

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Traumatic injuries from contact with moving parts

Respiratory pathology from dust inhalation and solvents

Eye injuries from splashes of liquid mortar and flying chips

Burns

Chapter 5 – MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

90% of cases

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 164/56 - Art. 7, 20, 23, 27, 28, 35 (fixed scaffolding); Art. 24 (guardrails); Art. 55, 56 (skips); Art. 190 (verification of crane range).

DPR 547/55 - Art. 41 (protection from moving parts); Art. 127 (crusher protection); Art.: 181 (load harness); Art. 194 (verification of lifting devices over 200 kg); Art. 381, 382, 383, 384, 387 (individual protective devices for head, eyes, hands, feet and breathing).

DPR 303/56 - Art. 21 (dust protection).

D.L.vo 626/94 - 4/c 5/f (obligations of employers, managers, persons in charge); Art. 5/c 2/f (worker requirements); Art. 49 (information and training of personnel on correct handling of loads).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 16

WORK STAGE: INSTALLATION OF STAIRS


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	INSTALLATION OF STAIRS

3. INAIL CODE:	3140

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 – DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

The stages of the work proceed as for floor laying, with the difference that the main coating material is marble. The installation procedures are similar, but the elements involved are much heavier and concentrated in smaller spaces.

The marble slabs are delivered to the construction site already cut to measure and require only limited adjustment, made with a portable diamond-disc grinder. The marble is laid on the plain cement steps and secured with cement mortar; ready-made adhesives are used for the skirting and the risers.

WORKERS

2-3 Tilesetters

1-2 Workmen

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT and machinery

Lorry - Tower crane: 80% E.C. brand, 20% average age 7-8 years - Jib or trestle winch - Manual tools - Portable grinder

Chapter 3 – RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

Temporary works and metal scaffolding not complying with workmanlike standards: lack of guardrails or covering of openings in the slab in 2-3% of cases; unsuitable protection of openings in slab in 30% of cases (boards not secured against shifting and/or non-standard thickness).

Handling loads: in 30% of cases of cases gloves and safety shoes are not used, with risk of contusions, abrasions to hands, fractures to feet.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Physical agents ;

Noise: the workers in this phase may be exposed to a Lep,d, between 80 and 85 dB(A)

In this phase exposure to noise of the workers is influenced by the use of the following equipment : Portable disc grinder

Noise rate of equipment :

Leq

(CPT)

Leq

(ASL RM - B)

Portable disc grinder

106

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY

Av. Leq.

(CPT)

Lep,d

(CPT)

Lep, d

(ASL RM - B)

Floor-layer

84.7

In cutting operations with surfacer, in 90% of cases no acoustic protection is used.

METHODOLOGY :

See Form 1

Substances producing skin allergy (adhesive additives): in 50% of cases they are handled without gloves.

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

M.M.C.: most of the work takes place on the floor, with workers bending their backs and moving slabs weighing 30-40 kg

Chapter 4 – EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Falling on flat surfaces

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Skin disease from contact with mortar, cement

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Respiratory pathology from dust inhalation

Eye injuries from flying chips

Chapter 5 – MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

90% of cases

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 164/56 - Art. 7, 20, 23, 27, 28, 35 (fixed scaffolding); Art. 24, 69 (guardrails); Art. 55, 56 (skips); Art. 190 (verification of crane range).

DPR 547/55 - Art. 127 (crusher protection); Art. 181 (load harness); Art. 194 (verification of lifting devices over 200 kg); Art. 381, 382, 383, 384 (individual protective devices for head, eyes, hands and feet).

DPR 303/56 - Art. 21 (dust protection).

D.L.vo 626/94 - Art. 4/c 5/f (obligations of employers, managers, persons in charge); Art. 5/c 2/f (worker requirements); Art. 49 (information and training of personnel on correct handling of loads).

Chapter 8 – EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 17

WORK STAGE : INDOOR DECORATING


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	INDOOR PAINTING

3. INAIL CODE:	3140

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 - Description of stage

The workmen unload paint containers from the lorry, delivered to the construction site either packaged on pallets or loose (tins ranging from 25 to 40 kg); they are moved to the various floors by means of the crane and winches.

The walls are first sandpapered.

The painters prepare the paint by mixing it with water; painting is carried out with a pump or by hand using brushes, rollers, sponges or pads. Using ladders and wheeled mobile platforms or trestles, the various coasts of paint are applied to walls and ceilings.

WORKERS

3-5 Painters

1-2 Workmen

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT and machinery

Lorry - Tower crane - Jib or trestle winches - Wheeled mobile platforms or trestles – Ladders - Manual tools

Chapter 3 – RISK FACTORS

Accidents

Mobile platforms incomplete in 50%, or used improperly in 70% of cases, with risk of falling to the floor.

Mechanical handling of material: in 20% of cases the harness of loads is not suitable and in 60% of cases co-ordination of the moving of material with the crane is insufficient, with risk of material falling on the workers.

Handling loads: in 90% of cases gloves are not used with risk of contusions and abrasions to hands; in 5% of cases safety shoes are not used, with risk of contusions and fractures to feet.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Chemical agents

Allergy-producing chemical additives in paint: in 70% of cases paint is handled without gloves.

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

M.M.C.: in 90% of cases tins or containers weighing over 30 kg are lifted and carried by one worker only; painting operations typically involve repetitive movements.

Chapter 4 – EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Falling on flat surfaces

Skin disease from contact with paint and dust

Respiratory pathology from dust inhalation

Eye injuries from paint splashes

Chapter 5 – MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

90% of cases

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 164/56 - Art. 8 (ladders); Art. 51 (trestle platforms).

DPR 547/55 - Art. 181 (load harness); Art. 194 (verification of lifting devices over 200 kg); Art. 377, 378, 379 (protective clothing); Art. 382, 383, 384 (individual protective devices for eyes, hands and feet).

DPR 303/56 - Art. 21 (dust protection).

D.L.vo 626/94: - Art. 4/c 5/f (obligations of employers, managers, persons in charge); Art. 5/c 2/f (worker requirements); Art. 49 (correct handling of loads).

Chapter 8 – EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 18

WORK STAGE : COMPLETION OF INSTALLATION OF UTILITIES, FIXTURES AND RAILINGS


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	COMPLETION OF UTILITIES; INSTALLATION OF FITTINGS AND RAILINGS

3. INAIL CODE:	3140

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 – DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

The workmen unload plumbing fixtures, heaters, window and door frames and other fixtures, and any other material required to complete the installations.

The plumbers install plumbing fixtures with manual tools and cement mixed in portable recipients; they also install heaters and boilers.

The electricians complete the electric plant, installing plugs and switches.

The carpenters of the firm supplying the wooden fixtures install the doors and windows, with manual and electric tools (drills). In case of metallic fixtures (50%), locksmiths and fixture-installers install the windows and assemble the railings on stairs and balconies, using drills, riveting machines and portable welding equipment.

WORKERS

1 Bricklayer/mason

2-3 Workmen

2-3 Electricians

3-4 Plumbers

2-3 Carpenters

2-3 Fixture-installers

1 Locksmith

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT and machinery

Lorry - Tower crane - Winches - Ladders - Manual tools - Electric drills - Riveting machines -Portable welding equipment - Portable grinder

Chapter 3 – RISK FACTORS

Accidents

Ladders not in compliance with standards in 5-10% of cases, with risk of falling on the floor.

Failure to use safety belts during the assembly of external railings in 95% of cases, with risk of falling off the building.

Handling loads: in 90% of cases gloves are not used with risk of contusions, abrasions and burning to hands; in 20% of cases safety shoes are not used, with risk of contusions and fractures to feet.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Physical agents;

Noise: the workers in this phase may be exposed to a Lep,d, between 80 and 85 dB(A)

In this phase exposure to noise of the workers is influenced by the use of the following equipment: Portable disc grinder and electric drills

Noise rate of equipment:

Leq

(CPT)

Leq

(ASL RM - B)

Electric drills

94.7

85 - 96

Portable disc grinders

106

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY	Av. Leq. (CPT)	Lep,d (CPT)	Lep, d (ASL RM - B)
Plumbers	82,7		*
Carpenters	-	-	*
Fixture installers	83,6		*
Locksmith	87,5	-	**

* These duties are considered to have an Lep,d between 80 and 85 dB(A)

** These duties are considered to have an Lep,d between 85 and 90 dB(A)

In operations involving cutting with the surfacer and hole drilling , in 90% of cases no acoustic protection is used.

METHODOLOGY:

See Form 1

Chemical risk;

Allergy-producing adhesives and sealants: in 90% of cases they are handled without gloves and facemasks.

Fumes from soldering.

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

M.M.C.: in 50% of cases the unloading of heavy and voluminous material takes place with improper procedures; in 20-30% of cases the operations take place in small spaces, with workers being overloaded and bending their backs.

Complex working conditions with interference between the various activities.

Chapter 4 – EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Being hit by moving vehicles

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Skin disease from contact with adhesives and sealants

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Traumatic injuries from contact with moving parts

Eye injuries from flying material

Respiratory pathology from soldering material

Burns

Chapter 5 – MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

100% of cases.

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 164/56 - Art. 8 (ladders); Art. 10 (safety belts); Art. 16 (platforms, temporary works).

DPR 547/55 - Art. 181 (load harness); Art. 186, 187 (moving people away from the area with the risk of falling loads); Art. 194 (verification of lifting devices over 200 kg); Art. 259 (individual protective devices for welding operations); Art. 283 (protection of electric cables); Art. 381, 382, 383, 384, 387 (individual protective devices for head, eyes, hands, feet and breathing).

DPR 303/56 - Art. 21 (dust protection); Art. 33 (medical checkups).

D.L. 277/91 - Art. 43 (acoustic protection); Art. 40 (noise assessment for the use of the portable grinder.

D.L.vo 626/9 - Art. 4/c 5/f (obligations of employers, managers, persons in charge); Art. 5/c 2/f (worker requirements); Art. 49 (information and training of personnel for correct handling of loads).

Chapter 8 – EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 19

WORK STAGE: EXTERNAL DECORATING


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	EXTERNAL PAINTING

3. INAIL CODE:	3140

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 – DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

The activities are identical to those for indoor decorating, but take place on the outside of the building and therefore mainly on fixed scaffolding. (see Form 18)

WORKERS

3-5 painters

1-2 workmen

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT and machinery

Lorry - Tower crane - Jib or trestle winches - Fixed scaffolding - wheeled mobile platforms or trestles - Ladders - Manual tools – Painting machine

Chapter 3 – RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

Platforms on trestles lacking boards in 90% of cases or with unsuitable wooden trestles in 15% of cases.

Ladders without anti-slip coating on the edge of the steps in 50% of cases, made with nailed boards in 5%, not held or secured at the foot in 95% of cases.

Temporary works and metal scaffolding not complying with workmanlike standards: work not complying with the instruction booklet supplied with the ministry authorisation in 90% of cases; guardrails incomplete due to the lack of the base supporting the upright or the end railing in 25% of cases; scaffolding incomplete, loose or incompatible (wood - metal) in 40% of cases; distance of scaffolding from building in various points in 80% of cases; securing devices inadequate or made differently from the ones indicated in the instruction booklet in 10% of cases; lack base at feet of uprights, connecting pins, wind-bracing in 80% of cases; non-completion of safety scaffolding (valence) in 80% or it complete absence in a few cases and in small building sites; safety measures under scaffolding absent or incomplete in 15% of cases; lack of guardrails or covering of openings in the slab in 2-3% of cases; unsuitable protection of openings in slab in 30% of cases (boards not secured against shifting and/or non-standard thickness).

Handling loads: in 90% of cases gloves are not used; in 5% of cases safety shoes are not used.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Chemical agents

Allergy-producing chemical additives in paint: in 80% of cases paint is handled without gloves.

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

M.M.C.: in 90% of cases tins or containers weighing over 30 kg are lifted and carried by one worker only; painting operations typically involve repetitive movements.

Chapter 4 – EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Falling on flat surfaces

Skin disease from contact with paint and dust and solvents

Respiratory pathology from dust inhalation and solvents

Eye injuries paint splashes

Chapter 5 – measures adopted

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

100% of cases.

Chapter 7 - legislation

DPR 164/56 - Art. 7, 20, 23, 27, 28, 35 (fixed scaffolding); Art. 8 (ladders); Art. 24 (guardrails); Art. 28 (valences); Art. 51, 52 (mobile platforms).

DPR 547/55 - Art. 181 (load harness); Art. 194 (verification of lifting devices over 200 kg); Art. 378, 379 (protective clothing); Art. 382, 383, 384, 387 (individual protective devices for eyes, hands, feet and breathing).

DPR 303/56 - Art. 33 (medical checkups).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 20

WORK STAGE: INSTALLATION OF FENCES AND GATES


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	INSTALLATION OF BARRIERS, GRILLS, GATE

3. INAIL CODE:	3140

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 - DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

The workmen unload travertine slabs, metal grilles and parts of the gate (uprights and leaves) from the lorry.

For the gate, a straight section excavation is made for the foundations of the low walls on which the travertine slabs are to be secured. Using the holes made in these slabs, the metal grilles and the uprights of the gate are installed and anchored with cement. The locksmith assembles the fencing and gates using portable welding equipment.

Reinforced concrete bases are made for the fences, for installing holders on which the grilles are then mounted; the latter are delivered to the construction site ready for assembly.

WORKERS

1-2 Bricklayers/masons

2-3 Workmen

1 Locksmith

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Lorry - Concrete breaker - Manual tools - Electric welder (E.C.) - Portable grinder – Forklift, 50% with E.C. brand

Chapter 3 - RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

Handling loads: in 90% of cases gloves are not used with risk of contusions and abrasions to hands; in 5% of cases safety shoes are not used, with risk of contusions and fractures to feet.

Mechanical handling of material: in 5% of cases co-ordination for entry and movement of the lorry is inadequate, with the risk of workers being run over; in 20-30% of cases the material is not correctly harnessed, with risk of contusions and fractures due to falling loads.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Chemical agents:

Marble dust during cutting to finish the travertine slabs: 50% of workmen do not use facemasks.

Physical agents:

Noise: the workers a this phase may have Lep,d between 85 and 90 dB(A).

In this phase exposure to noise of the workers is influenced by the use of the following equipment: Concrete breaker, portable grinder.

Noise rate of equipment :

Leq

(CPT)

Leq

(ASL RM - B)

Concrete breaker

97.1

98.4

Portable grinder

106

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY

Av. Leq.

(CPT)

Lep,d

(CPT)

Lep, d

(ASL RM - B)

Locksmith

87.5

* These duties are considered to have an Lep,d between 85 and 90 dB(A)

METHODOLOGY:

See Form 1

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

M.M.C.: most of the work takes place on the floor, with workers bending their backs and moving very heavy material.

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Respiratory pathology from dust inhalation

Eye injuries from flying chips

Chapter 5 - MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

100% of cases

Chapter 7 -LEGISLATION

DPR 164/56 - Art. 7, 30, 32 (fixed scaffolding);Art. 23 (scaffolding); Art. 24 (guardrails); Art. 28 (valences); Art. 52 (wheeled platforms).

DPR 547/55 - Art. 282, 283 (electric cables subject to damage and blocking passage); Art. 259 (individual protective devices for welding operations); Art. 382, 383, 384, 387 (individual protective devices for eyes, hands, feet and breathing).

DPR 303/5 - Art. 21 (dust protection).

D.L.vo 626/94 – Art. 4/c 5/f (obligations of employers, managers, persons in charge); Art. 5/c 2/f (worker requirements); Art. 49 (information and training of personnel on correct handling of loads).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 21

WORK STAGE: COMPLETION OF GUTTER LAYING


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	COMPLETION OF GUTTERS

3. INAIL CODE:	3140

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 - DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

The workmen unload the gutters from the lorry; these may be PVC (50%), galvanised iron (40%) or copper (10%).

The bricklayer assembles the uprights from the external attaching to the wall the supports with stay rods to support the gutter, bolted to the ends with the corresponding element. The uprights or vertical pipes, when in PVC, are joined by being fitted together and glued, and when metal are fitted together. The gutters are set on the supports and joined with adhesives when in PVC or by soldering if metallic.

Finally, the gutters are connected to the drains and the spaces sealed with cement.

WORKERS

2-3 Pipe-layers

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Lorry - Tower crane (E.C.) - Jib or trestle winches (E.C.) - Manual tools - Fixed and mobile scaffolding - Gas welding equipment – Electric drill

Chapter 3 - RISK FACTORS

Accidents

Handling loads: in 90% of cases gloves are not used with risk of cuts and abrasions to hands; in 5-10% of cases safety shoes are not used, with risk of contusions and fractures to feet.

Mechanical handling of material: in 10% of cases the co-ordination of transport manoeuvres with the crane takes place without respecting safety regulations, with the risk of workers being hit or crushed by overhead skips.

Lifting and moving of gutters: in 30% of cases of cases they are handled with improper harnesses, with risk of the load falling; in 50% verification of cables, chains and harnesses is not conducted; in 60% the efficiency of the hooks is not checked.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Chemical agents

Glue and sealants irritating for the skin and mucous membranes: in 80% of cases they are handled without gloves and facemasks.

Vapours from tin-lead and deoxidants in occasional soldering operations.

Physical agents

Noise: the workers a this phase may have Lep,d between 85 and 90 dB(A).

In this phase exposure to noise of the workers is influenced by the use of the following equipment: Electric drill.

Noise rate of equipment :

Leq

(CPT)

Leq

(ASL RM - B)

Electric drill

94.7

85 - 96

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY

Av. Leq.

(CPT)

Lep,d

(CPT)

Lep, d

(ASL RM - B)

Gutter laying

87.5

* These duties are considered to have an Lep,d between 80 and 85 dB(A)

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

M.M.C.: when handling gutters 4-6 mt long workers undergo twisting movements of their backs.

Chapter 4 – EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Falling from above

Being hit by moving vehicles

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Skin disease from contact with adhesives and sealants

Chapter 5 - MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 -EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

100% of cases

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 164/56 - Art. 7, 30, 32 (fixed scaffolding);Art. 23 (scaffolding); Art. 24 (guardrails); Art. 28 (valences); Art. 52 (wheeled platforms).

DPR 547/55 - Art. 181 (load harness); Art. 186, 187 (moving people away from the area with the risk of falling loads); Art. 194 (verification of lifting devices over 200 kg); Art. 381, 382, 383, 384, 387 (individual protective devices for head, eyes, hands, feet and breathing).

DPR 303/56 - Art. 33 (medical checkups)

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 22

WORK STAGE: EXTERNAL FINISHINGS – PERIMETER WALLS


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	EXTERNAL FINISHINGS – COMPLETION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE PERIMETER WALL

3. INAIL CODE:	3140

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 - DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

A straight section excavation with a depth of mt 0.50 is made with a mini-excavator and/or by hand.

The steel fixers build the reinforcement with cut and shaped steel rods and stirrups.

The carpenters make the formwork with precompressed wooden panels and prepare the site for casting. If the wall is designed as a retaining wall, an electrowelded grill (section 6 mm) is placed on the internal side of the panels. If the walls are to be left with plain cement, the carpenters spray the stripping oil on the internal side of the form, using the specific pump.

The size of the reinforcement and formwork vary according to the wall to be built; generally perimeter walls are 1 mt. high and 40.50 cm thick.

Sand, cement and water are mixed in the cement mixer; the mortar is brought in wheel barrows and poured. More often (60% of cases) the mortar is brought already mixed in a cement truck, with the cement poured down the extendible slide.

After the removal of the formwork the wall may be left plain, coated with masonry or painted (see Forms 30-37). The upper part may be covered with a travertine slab (see Form 34).

WORKERS

2-3 Workmen

1 Excavator

1-2 Bricklayers/masons

1 Steel bender

2-3 Carpenters

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Lorry - Mini-excavator 80% E.C. brand average age 4-5 years - Steel bender 30% E.C. brand average age 8-10 years - Circular saw 20% E.C. brand average age 8-10 years - Cement truck - Cement mixer 30% E.C. brand average age 8-10 years - Manual tools

Chapter 3 - RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

Mechanical handling of material: in 90% of cases the co-ordination of transport manoeuvres with trucks and the cement truck takes place without respecting safety regulations, with the risk of workers being hit or crushed.

Handling loads: in 90% of cases gloves are not used with risk of cuts and abrasions to hands; in 5% of cases safety shoes are not used, with risk of contusions and fractures to feet.

Handling of the excavator: in 90% of cases the range of operation is not defined.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Chemical agents

Cement dust: in 90% of cases the workers do not use facemasks.

Stripping oil: in 60% of cases the workers do not use gloves.

Physical agents

Noise: see Form n. 6

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

See Form n. 6

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces or in holes

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Skin disease from contact with stripping oil and cement

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Skin disease from contact with cement

Chapter 5 - MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

100% of cases

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 547/1955 - Art. 10,168, 169, 181, 186, 194;

DPR 164/1956 - Art. 4 (roads); 8 (ladders); 9 (protection fixed workplaces), 12 (excavation machinery);

DPR 303/1956 - Art. 33 (medical checkups)

D.Lgs 277/1991 - Title IV Art. 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,45;

D.Lgs 494/1996 - Art. 3 (requirements), 5 (co-ordination).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 23

WORK STAGE: EXTERNAL PAVEMENT


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	EXTERNAL PAVING

3. INAIL CODE:	3140

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 - DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

The workmen unload the material from the lorry. Sand, cement and water are mixed in the cement mixer; the mortar is brought in wheelbarrows to be site to be paved.

The masons pour the cement and spread it with manual tools.

In the larger building sites (60% of cases) the mortar comes ready mixed from the cement truck; it is poured down the extendible slide of the cement truck or pumped.

After the preparation of the adhesive-water mixture, the tilesetters lay the paving material, cutting it when necessary with a clipper or hand cutter, according to the type of material used (clinkers, cement tiles, porphyry). The adhesive is applied on the base with manual tools and the coating laid, with spaces between the tiles being filled with semi-liquid cement.

In some cases part of the external areas are paved with asphalt. In this case the area is prepared with a roller, the asphalt conglomerate is laid and then compacted with the roller, and finally spread with coarse sand.

WORKERS

2-3 Workmen

2-3 bricklayers/masons

3-4 Tilesetters

3-4 Asphalt-layers

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Lorry - Cement truck - Cement mixer (E.C.) - Manual tools - Circular saw (clipper) - Portable grinder - Tile-presser - Roller – Finishing machine

Chapter 3 - RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

Mechanical handling of material: in 20% of cases the harness of loads is not suitable, and in 60% the co-ordination in the moving of material with hand trucks or lorries is insufficient, with the risk of falling material. When the asphalt is laid, co-ordination during the movement of vehicles is insufficient.

Handling loads: in 90% of cases gloves are not used, in 80% helmets are not used, in 5% safety shoes are not used.

Handling the cement pump pipe: in 10-20% of cases it is used in the wrong way, with the risk of workers struck by part of the pipe or the cement flow.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Physical agents

Noise: the workers in this phase may be exposed to a Lep,d between 80 and 85 and 85 and 90 dB(A) and over 90 dB(A)

In this phase exposure to noise of the workers is influenced by the use of the following equipment : circular saw, portable grinder, tile-presser, roller – finishing machine

Noise rate of equipment :

	Leq (CPT)	Leq (ASL RM - B)
Circular saw (clipper)	92.9 – 104.4	98.3 - 105
Portable grinder	106	99
Tile-presser	95.5	98.8
Finishing machine	88.4	87.9
Roller	85.5	87.4

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY	Av. Leq. (CPT)	Lep,d (CPT)	Lep, d (ASL RM - B)
Floor-layer	84	84	89.8
Finishing machine operator	88.4	88	*
Roller operator	85.5	87	*

* These duties are considered to have an Lep,d between 85 and 90 dB(A)

Up to 20% of bricklayers are not provided with acoustic protection, and 70% do not use it.

Chemical agents

Dust from mechanical cutting of material: 90% of bricklayers do not use facemasks.

Aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (APH)

RESULTS

None of the values observed in the activities of asphalt-laying and laying waterproof coating on terraces, the asphalting of roads and the unloading of tar at the firm producing the asphalt have been determined with regard to the volatile fraction.

METHODOLOGY

Analyses. The analyses were conducted with gas chromatography with a mass detector; the accuracy of the method is 0.3 mg.

Sample timing:

a) Personal sampling: sampling lasted 120¸180 minutes with a constant flow of 2 l/min. for a sample volume of 240¸360 litres.

b) Passive sampling: sampling lasted 120¸180 minutes.

No protective devices were used for the respiratory tract in virtually all of the cases.

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

M.M.C.: in 30% of cases of cases the lifting and carrying of 50 kg bags (cement) is undertaken by one worker only; most of the work takes place on the ground, with workers often bending and overloading their backs.

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Skin disease from contact with mortar, cement and solvents

Electrocution

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Traumatic injuries from contact with moving parts

Respiratory pathology from dust inhalation and solvents

Eye injuries from splashes of liquid mortar and flying chips

Burns

Chapter 5 - MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

100% of cases

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 164/56 - Art. 4 (roads); 8 (ladders); 9 (protection fixed workplaces), 12 (excavation machinery);

DPR 547/55 - Art. 181 (load harness); Art. 194 (verification of lifting devices over 200 kg); Art. 382, 383, 384 (individual protective devices for eyes, hands and feet).

DPR 303/56 - Art. 21 (dust protection).

D.L. 277/91 - Art. 43 (acoustic protection).

D.L.vo 626/94 - Art. 4/c 5/f (obligations of employers, managers, persons in charge); Art. 5/c 2/f (worker requirements); Art. 48 (assessment of manual handling loads); Art. 49 (information and training of personnel on correct handling of loads).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 24

WORK STAGE: GARDENING WORK


1. SECTOR:	CONSTRUCTION WORKERS: RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

2. WORK STAGE:	GARDENING WORK

3. INAIL CODE:	3140

4. RISK FACTOR:	Accidents, Health and Environmental, Combined or Organisational

5. RISK CODE
(internal use)

6. N. WORKERS:

Chapter 1 – DESCRIPTION OF STAGE

Once any remaining rubble has been removed, fertilised soil is brought in a lorry and distributed in garden areas with the mechanical shovel, wheel-barrows and manual tools for subsequent seeding and planting

WORKERS

2-3 Workmen

3-4 Gardeners

1 Mechanical shovel operator

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Lorry - Mechanical shovel (E.C.) - Manual tools

Chapter 3 - RISK FACTORS

ACCIDENTS

Mechanical handling of material: in 10% of cases the co-ordination in the stages of using the mechanical shovel is insufficient, with the risk of workers being struck.

HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT

Physical agents

Noise: some workers may have an Lep,d between 80 and 85

In this phase exposure to noise of the workers is influenced by the use of the following equipment : excavator or mechanical shovel

Noise rate of equipment :

Leq

(CPT)

Leq

(ASL RM - B)

Excavator, mechanical shovel

88 – 89.7

82.5

Daily exposure levels Lep,d

DUTY

Av. Leq.

(CPT)

Lep,d

(CPT)

Lep, d

(ASL RM - B)

Bricklayer, workman

76,5

Excavator operator

82,7

81,4

* These duties are considered to have an Lep,d less than 80 Db(A)

METHODOLOGY:

See Form n. 1

COMBINED OR ORGANISATIONAL

M.M.C.: in 50% of cases the unloading of soil is undertaken with a shovel, with workers often bending and twisting their backs.

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Back pain and muscular injury due to effort

Being hit by moving vehicles

Falling on flat surfaces

Contusions and crushing by falling material

Hypoacusis due to noise

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Chapter 5 - MEASURES ADOPTED

Not observed

Chapter 6 - EXTERNAL CONTRACTOR

100% of cases

Chapter 7 - LEGISLATION

DPR 164/56 - Art. 4 (roads); 8 (ladders); 9 (protection fixed workplaces), 12 (excavation machinery);

DPR 547/55: Art. 383, 384 (individual protective devices for hands and feet).

DPR 303/56 - Art. 21 (dust protection).

D.L.vo 626/94:Art. 4/c 5/f (obligations of employers, managers, persons in charge); Art. 5/c 2/f (worker requirements); Art. 49 (information and training of personnel on correct handling of loads).

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Not observed

Form 1

Chapter 4 - EXPECTED HARM

Form 2

WORK STAGE : Installation OF ELECTRIC PLANT

Burns

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Form 3

Skin disease from contact with mortar, cement and stripping oil

Form 4

WORK STAGE – InstallaTion and rEmoVAL OF BUILDING SITE machinery

Form 5

Form 6

Circular saw

Skin disease from contact with stripping oil and cement

WORK STAGE: ERECTION and DISMANTLING OF METALLIC scaffolding

Erection of scaffolding

Form 8

WORK STAGE : CostruCTion of SECOND AND SUBSEQUENT SLABS

Skin disease from contact with stripping oil and cement

Abrasions, contusions, cuts due to manual tools

Skin disease from contact with stripping oil and cement

Skin disease from contact with mortar and cement

Electric grooving machine

Skin disease from contact with mortar and cement

Not observed

Contracted in 90% of cases

Chapter 8 - EXTERNAL RISK

Form 12

Threading machine

Concrete breaker

Cement mixer

Skin disease from contact with mortar and cement

Not observed

Not observed

Form 14

Skin disease from contact with mortar and cement

Not observed

90% of cases

Skin disease from contact with mortar, cement and solvents

90% of cases

Falling on flat surfaces

Skin disease from contact with mortar, cement

Electrocution

Not observed

90% of cases

Not observed

Skin disease from contact with paint and dust

Not observed

90% of cases

Not observed

Not observed

Skin disease from contact with paint and dust and solvents

Not observed

100% of cases.

Not observed

100% of cases

Chapter 2 - EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES

Chapter 3 - RISK FACTORS

Skin disease from contact with stripping oil and cement

Skin disease from contact with mortar, cement and solvents

Excavator, mechanical shovel