ISTITUTO SUPERIORE PER LA PREVENZIONE E LA SICUREZZA DEL LAVORO

I.S.P.E.S.L. PROGETTO SI.PRE. REGIONS

NATIONAL DATABASE OF SECTOR RISK PROFILES

1. SECTOR

2. ISTAT CODES (ATECO 91)

3. ISPESL CODE

(internal use only)

SURVEY ZONE

4. NATIONAL

5. REGIONAL

6. PROVINCIAL

7. USL

8. SURVEY YEAR

9. NUMBER OF WORKERS: TOTAL: 250

9A. CLERKS:

9B. WORKERS:

10. NUMBER OF COMPANIES

11. SURVEY FACILITY

12. REFERENCE: Bruno Pesenti Responsabile Servizio PSAL – ASL BERGAMO

ADDRESS:

CAP:

CITY:

PROVINCE:

TELEPHONE:

FAX:

E-MAIL:

13. ACCIDENTS:

TOTAL: OF WHICH FATAL

14. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES: 8

NAME	N° CASES	INAIL CODE
Hpoacusis from noise	8	IN 50.00

PRODUCTION CYCLE FOR WOODEN DOOR AND WINDOW FRAMES

SECTOR DOCUMENT

The sector concerns the manufacturing of solid wooden door and window frames, mainly for residential use but also in the commercial and services sector. These are doors and windows for indoor and outdoor use, also of the non-standard type. With regard to the industrial sector, the use of these frames, when applicable, is normally limited to the offices, for obvious reasons of practicality, costs and greater maintenance requirements.

The value of the wood used for the frames varies according to customer requirements and in particular, in places where the use of these wooden door and window frames is also a specific decorative and building characteristic in local tradition.

From the industrial point of view, the sector come within the more general one of wooden products (ISTAT code DD) and, more specifically, under construction carpentry (ISTAT 20.30). It is therefore related directly to the wood industry, where it gets the raw material, usually is la wooden boards produced in the sawmill by trunk processing.

The companies in the sector are absolutely separate from the latter processing, since they purchase the wood on the market in board form, processing it as required.

The frames are usually installed in the building by the customer purchasing the door and window frames; therefore in this case a finished product is provided, to which the customer makes suitable changes to ensure the required appearance and technical characteristics.

In many cases, and especially where is there is a good “do-it-yourself” outlook, the frames, unfinished but already installed, are supplied directly by the carpenter to the client, who sometimes install them himself but more often, after installation by the firm, provides the required finishing (treatment, painting).

The companies surveyed are located in the area of the former Azienda USSL 10 of Bergamo, which included (before being combined with the ASL of the entire Bergamo Province) all the Valle Seriana, Val di Scalve and the so-called “Alto Sebino” (located in the Lovere area, on Lake Iseo).

It is therefore an area that with respect to the sector characteristics is not homogeneous, situated in places that while being adjacent, have had only occasional contacts until recent decades when greater standardisation occurred as a result of the improvement of the road and communications network.

Historically speaking, the sector (in particular in the upper Val Seriana) underwent extensive, rapid expansion in the 1960s and 1970s due to residential construction, especially of holiday homes. Given the current saturation of this area, a significant fall in construction and therefore in orders has occurred.

In other areas the sector has never been typical, but has just supplied the products requested by people, normally local residents.

The sector is in any case always composed by mainly medium size and small firms, almost always with fewer than 10 employees, and where the owner often participates in the work process. There is hardly any clerical staff, and the latter are sometimes recruited on a family basis (assistants).

As we can see it is an exclusively crafts-oriented sector. In many cases the owner is a former employee of a craftsman who on the basis of market demand open their own business, often starting alone and the hiring a few employees, who in turn, once they have acquired sufficient skills, often take the same step.

Since the request for the products is limited, firm in the sector typically produce wooden door and window frames but also other products (wooden furniture, various minor carpentry jobs). In practice, and especially apart from typical building site work, the firms must be equipped to provide customers with small numbers of custom products, often with particular characteristics.

During the survey we also observed a certain range of variation in the manufacturing and processing of the frames, partly related to the technological resources of the firm but also largely based on the techniques learned and sometimes passed on. This led to some difficulties in the analysis and standardisation of the process.

In the summary made here it was decided to refer to the most frequently observed techniques without trying to describe all the methods for frame construction in the area concerned.

The survey contained an analysis of 54 companies, estimated to be approximately 80% of the companies in the sector located in the area concerned; there was a total of 250 workers.

In the forms regarding the stages were completed by data on the workers participating in each stage. Since most of the companies are small, many of these workers, have more than one duty (often taking part in all the operations, so that they should not be considered as exclusive to the given stage, and will also be calculated in other stages. This means that the total of the workers in each stage will be higher than the real total. With regard to the identification of the stages, there is a so-called maintenance stage which, due to the special character of sector (which dos not call for the use of plant but rather machinery and individual phases) covers various activities not based on a single operational procedure.

With regard to the risk factors detected and analysed, the annexe provides a summary. The repetition of the same risk factor can be observed in various stages (e.g. lack of signs, electrical safety). In these cases it is a matter of general risks, therefore not referring to specific stages or tasks.

The company accident registers show a total of 591 accidents, of which 157 occurring in the past 5 years. No fatal accidents have been recorded.

There follow the available INAIL data for the entire Bergamo Province (now coinciding with the Bergamo provincial ASL; the research was conducted in part of this area), corresponding, however, to the entire “Wood Industry” sector:

WOOD INDUSTRY

TYPE OF CONSEQUENCE

ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED

(as at 30.6.98)

TEMPORARY DISABILITY

PERMANENT DISABILITY

DEATH

TOTAL

AVERAGE DURATION IN DAYS

1994

468

501

1995

406

429

1996

335

357

1997

344

361

With regard to occupational disease, a total of 8 cases of hypoacusis due to noise have been observed.

There follow the INAIL data, also in this case for the entire Bergamo Province and the entire “Wood Industry” sector (ISTAT code DD ):

WOOD INDUSTRY

ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED

NOT COMPENSATED

OVERALL TOTAL

OCCUPATIONAL DISESASES RECORDED

(as at 30.6.98)

TEMP. DISAB.

PERM. DISABIL.

DEATH

TOTAL

DEGREE

1 - 10%

1994

1995

1996

1997

- The major risks

Among the accident risks we should first of all highlight fire risk, typical and found in all areas (work very often takes place in a single workshop).

This risk, obviously due to the presence of a considerable and often large amount of inflammable material (wood, dust, sawdust, solvents) can also be serious in relation to electric installations, though good conditions have been observed (following measures required for compliance with Law N.46/1990), and in relation to the cleanliness and tidiness of workplaces, as well as the presence of adequate fire alarms and fire-fighting equipment.

Another priority concerns the risks involved in the use of machines (circular and ribbon saw, jointer planer, etc.) machines mainly operated manually and in many cases not manufactured recently (about 10% of the existing machines have the EC mark).

There are three major health and environmental risks:

1 - noise, related to the use of machines which are intrinsically noisy because of the type of processing (manual or limited series), and therefore with few possibilities of risk reduction;

2 – exposure to harmful solvents in treatment and painting (a risk partially reduced by adopting local aspiration devices “painting chambers” and by the increasingly frequent use of high solid content and water-based paint;

3 – extensive amounts of wood dust, a low-risk health problem, considering the widespread installation of aspiration devices and good levels of cleanliness at the workplace (also in order to limit fire risk).

With regard to the organisational risks, the most important ones are related to a type of work organisation that – especially due to lack of space – fails to provide for the organisational separation of stages, with consequences from the viewpoint of accidents (handling) and environmental pollution (noise, dust).

WORK

ACCIDENT RISKS

STAGE

STRUTTURAL

MACCHINES & EQUIPMENT

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

ELETTRICA

FIRE & EXPLOSION

DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES

Wood storage

– floor collapse

– unprotected stairs & raised platforms

– irregular floors

– injury due to falling wood

– inadequate protection on trolley parts

– insufficient capacity of freight lift

- non-standard general electric plant

- inflammable items (wood)

- non-standard fire-fighting systems

- lack of signs

Handling wood

– floor collapse

– unprotected stairs & raised platforms

– irregular floors

– injury due to falling wood

– inadequate protection on trolley parts

- accidents due to handling of boards (hitting, abrasions, falling material)

- non-standard general electric plant

- inflammable items (wood)

- non-standard fire-fighting systems

- lack of signs

Cutting wood

- inadequate emergency exits & escape routes

– inadequate protection of moving parts & transmission of machines

- accidents due to handling of boards (hitting, abrasions, falls)

- non-standard general electric plant & on machines

- inflammable items (wood dust)

- non-standard fire-fighting systems

- lack of signs

Planing -

profiling -

assembly

- inadequate emergency exits & escape routes

- accidents due to handling of pieces (hitting, abrasions, falls)

– inadequate protection moving parts & transmission of machines

- non-standard general electric plant & on machines

- inflammable items (dust & sawdust)

- non-standard fire-fighting systems

- lack of signs

Treatment & drying

– inadequate emergency exits & escape routes

- accidents due to handling of products (hitting, falls)

- non-standard general electric plant & on tools

- inflammable items (treatment solvents)

- non-standard fire-fighting systems

- lack of signs

– inadequate storage of inflammable substances

6 -

6bis

Sandpapering

& dusting

– inadequate emergency exits & escape routes

- accidents due to handling of products (hitting, falls)

- projection of dust into eyes

- non-standard general electric plant & on tools

- inflammable items (wood dust & pigments)

- non-standard fire-fighting systems

- lack of signs

7 -

7bis

Painting &

Drying

– inadequate emergency exits & escape routes

- accidents due to handling of products (hitting, falls)

- projection of chemical substances into eyes

- non-standard general electric plant & on tools

- inflammable items (paint, diluents)

- non-standard fire-fighting systems

- lack of signs

– inadequate storage of inflammable substances

Assembly

- inadequate emergency exits & escape routes

- accidents due to handling of products (hitting, falls)

- use of manual/mechanised tools

- non-standard general electric plant

– insufficient electrical insulation on mechanised tools

- inflammable items (products, wood in general)

- non-standard fire-fighting systems

- lack of signs

Transport &

Installation

at customer premises

- use of manual/mechanised tools

- handling of products (hitting, falls)

- falling from equipment (ladders, platforms)- road accidents

- insufficient electrical insulation on mechanised tools

Maintenance

- accidents during removal & installation of moving parts in machines

- sharpening of blades

- filter maintenance

WORK

LAVORATIVA

HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS

STAGE

CHEMICAL

AGENTS

PHYSICAL

AGENTS

BIOLGOICAL

AGENTS

Wood storage

- unsuitable microclimate at workplace (outdoor shed, warehouse)

– involuntary exposure to micro-organisms (injuries)

Handling wood

- unsuitable microclimate at workplace (outdoor shed, warehouse)

– involuntary exposure to micro-organisms (injuries)

Cutting wood

– exposure to inhalation of wood dust

– exposure to noise (machines, suction plant)

– involuntary exposure to micro-organisms (injuries)

Planing -

profiling -

assembly

– exposure to inhalation of wood dust

– exposure to noise (machines, suction plant)

– involuntary exposure to micro-organisms (injuries)

Treatment & drying

-exposure to inhalation of harmful substances (treatment solvents)

- inadequate separation

6 –

6bis

Sandpapering &

dusting

- exposure to inhalation of dust (pigments, wood)

- noise (also due to inadequate separation)

– involuntary exposure to micro-organisms (injuries)

7 –

7bis

Painting and

drying

- exposure to inhalation of harmful substances (solvent paint, diluents)

- inadequate separation

Assembly

– exposure to noise (also due to other work under way)

Transport &

installation

at customer premises

- unsuitable microclimate at workplace (building site)

– exposure to noise (mechanised tools)

Maintenance

- exposure to inhalation of wood dust

- exposure to noise (tool sharpening)

WORK

LAVORATIVA

INDIRECT & ORGANISATIONAL RISKS

STAGE

ORGANISATION

WORK

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

ERGONOMIC FACTORS

DIFFICULT WORKING CONDITIONS

Wood storage

- inadequate space for passing and handling

– risks due to manual handling of loads

Wood handling

- inadequate space for passing and handling

– risks due to manual handling of loads

Wood cutting

- insufficient space and routes around machines

– personnel knowledge & capacity (accident risk)

- ergonomics of personal protection devices

Planing -

profiling -

assembly

- insufficient space and routes around machines

– personnel knowledge & capacity (accident risk)

- ergonomics of personal protection devices

Treatment

& drying

- ergonomics of personal protection devices

6 –

6bis

Sandpapering

& dusting

- incorrect posture

7 –

7bis

Painting

& drying

- ergonomics of personal protection devices

Assembly

Transport &

installation at customer premises

- lack of co-ordination between firms

- risks due to manual handling of loads

Maintenance

– personnel knowledge & capacity (accident risk)

Stage 1 - Structural risks – Collapse of floor

Chapter 1 – “ Working stage”

The wood, in rough boards from trunk processing typical of sawmills (debarking, sawing), is transported by lorry to the fixture-maker. The wood is delivered to the workshop with periodical shipments and the workshop employees store the wood. This, in the case of medium size firms, takes place in special warehouses, while for the smaller ones the wood is placed under outdoor sheds, or on indoor raised platforms near the workshop.

The two main types of companies differ not only in the amounts of wood but also in the type of storage procedures, usually undertaken manually by a couple of workers in the smaller firms. The same workers usually process the wood as well. For medium size firms, wood is usually handled mechanically (trolleys and forklifts), sometimes with a specialised workman but usually with other personnel (carpenters in the processing section) who assist the warehouse personnel when necessary. The wood is usually stored in an upright position, also to allow for proper seasoning, and subdivided by type (pine, oak etc.).

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

The floor of the warehouse may not have sufficient capacity with respect to the load and collapse, involving the workers present or underneath. The risk is definitely to be carefully assessed in the case of raised storage sheds, often self-constructed.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury due to multiple trauma with possible permanent damage or also fatal injuries, due to people falling from high places, or due to the falling of structures and material involving workers underneath.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

The capacity of the floor must be assessed on the basis of the maximum estimated load; this load must never exceed 90% of the capacity. The capacity rate must be shown on an easily visible sign.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 9-374 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 1 - Structural risks – Unprotected stairs and raised storage areas

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of workers falling from raised storage areas or stairways due to lack of protection (railing) or structural inadequacy of railing.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury due to multiple trauma with possible permanent damage or also fatal injuries due to people falling from high places.

Five accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Stairways and raised storage areas, over two metres high must be protected with a normal railing at least one metre high (with a toeboard and horizontal rail about halfway up from the floor).

The railing must be solidly secured to the structure and made out of solid material capable of resisting being hit by a person who slips or loses his balance.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 16 - 17- 18 - 19 - 26 - 27 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 1 - Structural risks – Irregular floors or pavement

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Motorised forklifts (electric or internal combustion)

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Outdoor pavement, floors and raised storage areas may have holes and protruding pieces, with possible risks from the use of lifting equipment (forklifts) with possible loss of the load, both during the movement of workers, who could trip and have accidents, in particular during the handling of material.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Trauma of various degrees of seriousness due to workers on the ground being hit by vehicles or material falling off them; injury of workers due to falling while handling material.

Three accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Verification of floor surfaces with repair of holes and protrusions.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 8 DPR 547/55

Art.7 DPR 303/56

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 1 - Structural risks – Being struck by falling wood

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

The storage of wood may involve risks to workers during the normal positioning of wood, during the removal of boards, and due to the falling of boards stored vertically or in horizontal piles that have been poorly made or which are too high with respect to the loads and the shape.

Only one accident has been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Sometimes serious trauma from being struck by material (wood); there may be serious trauma (with permanent disability or death) due to involvement of workers in the falling of wood or the collapse of entire wood piles

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Vertical storage of boards, with one end on the floor and the other against the wall, must take into account the length of the boards, in order to assess the distance to the level of the wall. The boards should preferably be stored by type of wood so that it will not be necessary to move some wood in order to reach other boards, with risks of falling. The height of horizontal piles should be such that no risks of falling are involved.

Only the number of workers absolutely necessary for operations should approach the storage area for purposes of depositing and taking boards only. Other types of processing should be avoided near storage areas.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 8 - 11 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 1 – Machines and equipment – Inadequate protection of forklift parts

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Motorised forklift, electric or internal combustion (diesel), average age 5 years. There are about 10% of machines with CE label

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

The forklift is not equipped with proper protection against risks to workers from the handling of boards and wood (hitting, falling material)

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Sometimes serious trauma due to wood hitting parts of the body of workers.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Equipping the forklift with proper protection, a roof with a rigid structure and front metal grill to protect the worker.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 176 - 177 DPR 547/55

DPR 459/96 Annexe I

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 1 - Machines and equipment – Insufficient capacity of freight elevators

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The wood, in rough boards from trunk processing typical of sawmills (debarking, sawing), is transported by lorry to the fixture-maker. The wood is delivered to the workshop with periodical shipments and the workshop employees store the wood. This, in the case of medium size firms, takes place in special warehouses, while for the smaller the wood is placed under outdoor sheds, or on indoor raised platforms near the workshop.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Freight elevators; only 2 freight elevators recorded in the sector; average age 5 years. No CE label.

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Insufficient capacity of freight elevators with respect to the wood load being handled, with the risk of the collapse of the platform.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) for any workers on the equipment at the time of collapse.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Proper assessment of the load lifted with respect to the capacity of the freight elevator.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 171, from 195 to 207 DPR 547/55

D.M. 587 of 9.12.1987

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 1 - Electrical safety - Overall electric plant not suitable

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Electric plant at least IP 44

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of electrocution of workers due to unsuitability or poor maintenance (wear, breakage) of the electric plant.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injuries (burns, cardiac arrest) due to electrocution both for the workers directly concerned, and for any rescuers who fail to adopt proper safety measures during the intervention.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Assessment of the suitability of the overall electric plant, the presence and suitability of the ground devices, the presence of an automatic safety switch.

Correct maintenance of the plant.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The maintenance of the electric plant and all electrical work is undertaken by specialised external contractors

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Title VII DPR 547/55

Art. 6 – 9 L. 46/1990

Regulation CEI 64-8; Regulation CEI 20-13

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 1 - Fire and explosion - Fire risk due to inflammable material

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire risk due to inflammable material (wood) combined with accidental triggering factors (shortcircuit, lighted cigarettes), a risk aggravated by the lack of monitoring in the facility.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

If possible from the organisational point of view, on the basis of production and material delivery timing, it could be preferable to stock a smaller amount of wood and have more frequent deliveries. Assessment of the suitability of the overall electric plant, the presence and suitability of the ground devices, the presence of an automatic safety switch.

Correct maintenance of the plant. No smoking.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34 - 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 1 - Fire and explosion – Unsuitable fire-fighting systems

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Powder extinguishers on trolleys or portable (6-9 Kg.), type B or C. If the activity comes under CPI,, hydrants are also required, with a water capacity sufficient for 120 minutes (mains or water reserve)

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire risk of wood, due to the presence of a considerable amount of combustible material and to accidental triggering (cigarettes, shortcircuit). This is when combined with inadequate surveillance (especially on non-working days) and effective extinguishing equipment

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation or fire-fighting following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Fire-fighting equipment must be sufficient and suitable, and subjected to periodical maintenance with recording of service.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting””

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34 - 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 1 - Fire and explosion - Lack of signs

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Signs in accordance with D.Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire-fighting equipment difficult or impossible to reach due to lack or inadequacy of signs. Risks to workers during evacuation procedures due to difficulty in identifying escape routes and emergency exits.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) to workers unable to extinguish fires or to evacuate, following possible inhalation of harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Installation of suitable and adequate safety signs marking routes and with wall signs.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art.13 DPR 547/55

Annexe II D. Lgs. 626/94

D. Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 2 - Structural risks – Structural collapse of floor

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The wood in boards is taken from storage and brought to the workshop for initial processing.

The boards are mainly taken and carried by hand by two workers; in some cases, for large amounts and according to the distance from storage to the workshop, machinery is used (medium-large size firms). In the workshop, the boards are generally placed horizontally on the floor near the machines for initial processing.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

The floor of the warehouse may not have sufficient capacity with respect to the load and collapse, involving workers in the room or underneath. The risk should definitely be carefully assessed in the case of the use of raised storage areas, often self-constructed.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury due to multiple trauma with possible permanent damage or also fatal injuries, due to people falling from high places, or from the falling of structures and material involving workers underneath.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

The capacity of the floor must be assessed on the basis of the maximum estimated load; this load must never exceed 90% of the capacity. The capacity rate must be shown on an easily visible sign.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 9-374 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 2 - Structural risks – Unprotected stairways and raised storage areas

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The wood in boards is taken from storage and brought to the workshop for initial processing.

The boards are mainly taken and carried by hand by two workers; in some cases, for large amounts and according to the distance from storage to the workshop, machinery is used (medium-large size firms). In workshops the boards are placed near the machines for initial processing, and usually piled on the floor horizontally.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of workers falling from raised storage areas or stairways due to lack of protection (railing) or structural inadequacy of railing.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury due to multiple trauma with possible permanent damage or also fatal injuries due to people falling from high places.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Stairways and raised storage areas, over two metres high must be protected with a normal railing at least one metre high (with a toeboard and horizontal rail about halfway up from the floor).

The railing must be solidly secured to the structure and made out of solid material capable of resisting being hit by a person who slips or loses his balance.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 16 - 17- 18 - 19 - 26 - 27 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 2 - Structural risks – Irregular floors

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The wood in boards is taken from storage and brought to the workshop for initial processing.

The boards are mainly taken and carried by hand by two workers; in some cases, for large amounts and according to the distance from storage to the workshop, machinery is used (medium-large size firms). In workshops the boards are placed near the machines for initial processing, and usually piled on the floor horizontally.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Motorised forklifts (electric or internal combustion)

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Trauma of various degrees of seriousness due to workers on the ground being hit by vehicles or material falling off them; injury of workers due to falling while handling material.

Only one accident has been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Verification of floor surfaces with repair of holes and protrusions.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 8 DPR 547/55

Art.7 DPR 303/56

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 2 - Structural risks - Being struck by falling wood

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The wood in boards is taken from storage and brought to the workshop for initial processing.

The boards are mainly taken and carried by hand by two workers; in some cases, for large amounts and according to the distance from storage to the workshop, machinery is used (medium-large size firms). In workshops the boards are placed near the machines for initial processing, and usually piled on the floor horizontally.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 8 - 11 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 2 – Machines and equipment – Inadequate protection from forklift parts

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The wood in boards is taken from storage and brought to the workshop for initial processing.

The boards are mainly taken and carried by hand by two workers; in some cases, for large amounts and according to the distance from storage to the workshop, machinery is used (medium-large size firms). In workshops the boards are placed near the machines for initial processing, and usually piled on the floor horizontally.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Motorised forklift, electric or internal combustion (diesel), average age 5 years. There are about 10% of machines with CE label

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

The forklift is not equipped with proper protection against risks to workers from the handling of boards and wood (hitting, falling material)

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Sometimes serious trauma due to wood hitting parts of the body of workers.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Equipping the forklift with proper protection, a roof with a rigid structure and front metal grill to protect the worker.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 176 - 177 DPR 547/55

DPR 459/96 Annexe I

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 2 - Machines and equipment - Accidents due to handling of boards

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The wood in boards is taken from storage and brought to the workshop for initial processing.

The boards are mainly taken and carried by hand by two workers; in some cases, for large amounts and according to the distance from storage to the workshop, machinery is used (medium-large size firms). In workshops the boards are placed near the machines for initial processing, and usually piled on the floor horizontally.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of accidents during handling of boards and of miscellaneous wood due to being hit, contact, etc.

Eleven accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Trauma to various parts of the body (in particular the head is very much at risk due to potentially serious consequences) for workers involved in the operations

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Suitability of areas for handling of material and use of gloves and safety shoes when handling material.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 383 - 384 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 - Title IV, Annexes IV and V

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 2 - Electrical safety - General electric plant unsuitable

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The wood in boards is taken from storage and brought to the workshop for initial processing.

The boards are mainly taken and carried by hand by two workers; in some cases, for large amounts and according to the distance from storage to the workshop, machinery is used (medium-large size firms). In workshops the boards are placed near the machines for initial processing, and usually piled on the floor horizontally.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Electric plant at least IP 44

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of electrocution of workers due to unsuitability or poor maintenance (wear, breakage) of the electric plant.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Assessment of the suitability of the overall electric plant, the presence and suitability of the ground devices, the presence of an automatic safety switch.

Correct maintenance of the plant.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The maintenance of the electric plant and all electrical work are contracted to specialised electricians

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Title VII DPR 547/55

Art. 6 – 9 L. 46/1990

Regulation CEI 64-8

Regulation CEI 20-13

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 2 - Fire and explosion - Fire risk due to inflammable material

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The wood in boards is taken from storage and brought to the workshop for initial processing.

The boards are mainly taken and carried by hand by two workers; in some cases, for large amounts and according to the distance from storage to the workshop, machinery is used (medium-large size firms). In workshops the boards are placed near the machines for initial processing, and usually piled on the floor horizontally.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire risk due to the presence of inflammable material (wood in storage and being processed) in combined with accidental triggering (shortcircuit, lighted cigarettes)

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Assessment of the suitability of the overall electric plant, the presence and suitability of the ground devices, the presence of an automatic safety switch.

Correct maintenance of the plant. No smoking in storage areas.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34 - 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 2 - Fire and explosion – Unsuitable fire-fighting systems

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The wood in boards is taken from storage and brought to the workshop for initial processing.

The boards are mainly taken and carried by hand by two workers; in some cases, for large amounts and according to the distance from storage to the workshop, machinery is used (medium-large size firms). In workshops the boards are placed near the machines for initial processing, and usually piled on the floor horizontally.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Powder extinguishers on trolleys (50 Kg) or portable (6-9 Kg.) type B or C. If the activity comes under CPI,, hydrants are also required, with a water capacity sufficient for 120 minutes (mains or water reserve)

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire risk of wood, due to the presence of a considerable amount of combustible material and to accidental triggering (cigarettes, shortcircuit). This is when combined with the lack of extinguishing equipment.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

It is necessary to verify the conditions of the electric plant provide maintenance; strictly avoid smoking when handling wood.

Fire-fighting equipment must be sufficient and suitable, and subjected to periodical maintenance with recording of service.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34 - 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 2 - Fire and explosion – Lack of signs

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The wood in boards is taken from storage and brought to the workshop for initial processing.

The boards are mainly taken and carried by hand by two workers; in some cases, for large amounts and according to the distance from storage to the workshop, machinery is used (medium-large size firms). In workshops the boards are placed near the machines for initial processing, and usually piled on the floor horizontally.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Signs in accordance with D.Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Installation of suitable and adequate safety signs marking routes and with wall signs.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art.13 DPR 547/55

Annexe II D. Lgs. 626/94

D. Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 3 - Structural risks – Inadequate emergency exits and escape routes

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

This is the first stage being processed the rough boards coming from storage: the board is sawed longitudinally and/or cut to measure. Listels are then made, which after further processing and assembly will form the basic frame. For this stage machinery with low cutting accuracy, and thus usually very noisy, is used.

Due to the risk features of this stage (noise, dust) this work is usually conducted in specially equipped workshops whenever possible, in any case in larger firms.

Otherwise a part of the workshop is set aside near the exits for reasons of wood supply and in some cases separate from other processing. There is no such separation in smaller workshops, where this is not possible due to problems of space and handling of material.

In these firms, however, the processing stage is only relatively significant, occupying a few working hours per week. After obtaining the semi-finished items, the same workers personally proceed with the other processing in the cycle.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Insufficient number of emergency exits and difficulties in reaching them in case of fire or other emergencies. Obstacles on escape routes.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

For other emergencies (e.g. floods, earthquakes) the damage is correlated with the type of event, its violence and suddenness and the number of people present at the time of the event

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Installation of a number and size of emergency exits based on the fire risk of the firm. The emergency exits must open outwards, be kept open during processing, equipped with opening bar and suitable signs, preferably with emergency lighting.

The escape routes must also be suitably dimensioned, provided with floor and wall signs and not be obstructed with obstacles.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 13 DPR 547/55

Art. 3 D. Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n. 81 of 07.04.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 3 - Machines and equipment - Inadequate protection of moving parts and transmission of machines

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Due to the risk features of this stage (noise, dust) this work is usually conducted in specially equipped workshops whenever possible, in any case in larger firms.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Circular saw, ribbon saw, jointer planer, thicknessing planer, “4 shaft” (planer on 4 sides). The machines had an average age of 7/8 years, about 10% with the CE label.

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Contact with moving parts of machines (blades, knives, ribbons) during normal processing (parts not properly protected or inadequate operational procedures) and due to accidental contact on machines running without workers being present.

Contact with wood splinters.

Risk of involvement with parts of body of the worker due to inadequately protected transmission parts of machines.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (injuries, amputation) to upper limbs (in particular fingers) per contact with sharp moving mechanical parts.

Eye injuries, sometimes serious and with permanent disability, or deep injuries to various parts of the body from wood splinters, projected against the worker at high speed.

Various injuries (injuries, cuts, amputation), in particular upper limbs, due to transmission parts.

Twenty-eight accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Equipping of all the machines with proper safety measures: the circular saw must be equipped with an adjustable hood over the worktable and a lower protection carter, with the cutter no more than 3 mm from the blade.

The ribbon saw must be equipped with fixed protection caters for the ribbon return flywheel and adjustable protection in the cutting zone. Suitable operational precautions are required especially for the processing of small size pieces (use of specific equipment, “pushers” sometimes self-constructed).

The jointer planer is equipped with protection of the shaft for the part not used for processing. The thicknessing planer is completely enclosed in a fixed or with electric interblock and is equipped with a device to prevent the piece from being pushed out. The “4 shaft” planer is equipped with protection of tools and piece conveyor; this protection is either fixed or with electric interblock.

First aid kit with normal material. It is especially important to have a refrigerator available with ice to be used in the event of amputation for recovery and transport of the amputated part.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 36 - 41 - 55 - 68 -72 - 109 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 3 - Machines and equipment - Accidents due to handling boards (hitting, abrasions, falling pieces)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Due to the risk features of this stage (noise, dust) this work is usually conducted in specially equipped workshops whenever possible, in any case in larger firms.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor.

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of accidents during handling of boards and of miscellaneous wood due to being hit, contact, etc.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Injuries or trauma to various parts of the body (in particular the head is very much at risk due to potentially serious consequences) for workers involved in the operations or others passing by or present in the vicinity

Ten accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Suitability of areas for handling of material and use of gloves and safety shoes when handling material. Visibility of operations.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 383 - 384 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 - Title IV, Annexes IV and V

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 3 - Electrical safety - Inadequacy of electric plant in general and on machine

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Due to the risk features of this stage (noise, dust) this work is usually conducted in specially equipped workshops whenever possible, in any case in larger firms.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Electric plant at least IP 44.

Section electric panel with differential switch of at least 0.3A

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk due to electrocution of workers, due a inadequacy of electric plant in general and on machine.

Risk of accidents due to sudden start-up of moving parts of the machine after power cut and subsequent return of power.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Assessment of the suitability of the overall electric plant, the presence and suitability of the ground devices, the presence of an automatic safety switch. Periodical maintenance of the plant.

Every machine must have and maintain standards of adequacy, insulation of the electric plant on the machine and of grounding; they must be equipped with electromagnetic release in case of power cuts, to prevent accidental start-up.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The maintenance of the electric plant and all electrical work are contracted to specialised electricians.

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Title VII DPR 547/55

Art. 6 – 9 L. 46/1990

Regulation CEI 64-8

Regulation CEI 20-13

Regulation CEI 44-5

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 3 - Fire and explosion - Fire risk due to the presence of inflammable material (wood being processed, sawdust)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Due to the risk features of this stage (noise, dust) this work is usually conducted in specially equipped workshops whenever possible, in any case in larger firms.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire risk due to the presence of inflammable material (wood being processed, sawdust) together with accidental triggering (shortcircuit, lighted cigarettes, open heaters).

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Reduction of load and fire risk by work organisation with rational rules and periodical cleaning of surfaces, with removal of dust and sawdust. No smoking.

Assessment of the suitability of the overall electric plant, the presence and suitability of the ground devices, the presence of an automatic safety switch.

Correct maintenance of the electric plant.

Installation of suitable heating equipment (no open flame heaters)

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34 - 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property.

Stage 3 - Fire and explosion - Inadequacy of fire-fighting systems

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Due to the risk features of this stage (noise, dust) this work is usually conducted in specially equipped workshops whenever possible, in any case in larger firms.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Powder extinguishers on trolleys (50 Kg) or portable (6-9 Kg) type B or C. If the activity comes under CPI,, hydrants are also required, with a water capacity sufficient for 120 minutes (mains or water reserve)

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire risk due to insufficient or unsuitable fire-fighting equipment

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation or extinguishing following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Availability of suitable and sufficient fire-fighting equipment, with adequate maintenance and registration.

The problem of fire prevention must also be properly studied with regard to drawing up a suitable emergency plan and having properly trained workers.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The maintenance of extinguishers in contracted to specialised external firms

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34- 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property.

Stage 3 - Fire and explosion - Lack of signs

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Due to the risk features of this stage (noise, dust) this work is usually conducted in specially equipped workshops whenever possible, in any case in larger firms.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Signs in accordance with D.Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Installation of suitable and adequate safety signs marking routes and with wall signs.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art.13 DPR 547/55

Annexe II D. Lgs. 626/94

D. Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 4 - Structural risks - Inadequate emergency exists and escape routes

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

In this stage the basic frame is created, determining the size and appearance. According to the technology available in the firm, processing may be automated to a certain extent.

The classic processing involves butting, milling, grooving (cutting sites for the mechanical parts) and the assembly of the frame.

The latest machines are designed for automatically undertaking all the profiling, followed by manual assembly. This machinery is expensive and usually only used for large production volumes. Finally, before being treated or painted, the frame is smoothed with a lapping machine or gauger.

With regard to the glue used in assembly, the typical vinyl glue for wood, water base for cold gluing, is used. This material is not usually risky for the users.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Insufficient number of emergency exits and difficulties in reaching them in case of fire or other emergencies. Obstacles on escape routes.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

For other emergencies (e.g. floods, earthquakes) the damage is correlated with the type of event, its violence and suddenness and the number of people present at the time of the event

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

The escape routes must also be suitably dimensioned, provided with floor and wall signs and not be obstructed with obstacles.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 13 DPR 547/55

Art. 3 D. Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n. 81 of 07.04.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 4 - Machines and equipment - Accidents due to handling pieces (hitting, abrasions, falling pieces)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

In this stage the basic frame is created, determining the size and appearance. According to the technology available in the firm, processing may be automated to a certain extent.

The classic processing involves butting, milling, grooving (cutting sites for the mechanical parts) and the assembly of the frame.

With regard to the glue used in assembly, the typical vinyl glue for wood, water base for cold gluing, is used. This material is not usually risky for the users.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of accidents during handling of boards and of miscellaneous wood due to being hit, contact, falling pieces, etc.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Suitability of areas for handling of material and use of gloves and safety shoes when handling material. Visibility of operations.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 383 - 384 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 - Title IV, Annexes IV and V

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 4 - Machines and equipment - Inadequate protection of moving parts and transmission of machines

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

In this stage the basic frame is created, determining the size and appearance. According to the technology available in the firm, processing may be automated to a certain extent.

The classic processing involves butting, milling, grooving (cutting sites for the mechanical parts) and the assembly of the frame.

With regard to the glue used in assembly, the typical vinyl glue for wood, water base for cold gluing, is used. This material is not usually risky for the users.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Toupie, tenoner, hollowing machine, mortising machine, planing and molding machine, hollowing machine and press. Gauger and ribbon honing machine. The “K Method” is the automatic machine producing the complete frame. The average age recorded among the traditional type machines is 6/7 years. 10% of the machines have the CE label. The K Method is a new generation machine and therefore has the CE label.

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Contact with moving parts of machines (blades, mills, knives, etc.) during normal processing (parts not properly protected or inadequate operational procedures) and accidental contact with running machines when the workers are not present.

Contact with splinters.

Risk of involvement with parts of the body of the worker due to inadequately protected transmission parts of machines

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (injuries, amputation) to upper limbs (in particular fingers) per contact with sharp moving mechanical parts.

Eye injuries, sometimes serious and with permanent disability, or deep injuries to various parts of the body from wood splinters, projected against the worker at high speed.

Various injuries (injuries, cuts, amputation), in particular upper limbs, due to transmission parts.

Thirty-one accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

The toupie and tenoner have the tool protected in front of and behind the slide and the carriage for the automatic advancement of the piece; if they are used with “free shaft” there are other devices preventing access to the mill.

The hollowing machine, mortising machine and chain-milling machine are equipped with suitable protection and a device to secure the piece being processed.

The planing and molding machine and the “4 shaft” planer are equipped with protection of tools and devices for conveying pieces; this protection is either fixed or with electrical interblocking.

The gauger must be equipped with an emergency blocking device for the entry (“string”) and the “idle” roller before the table, in order to avoid workers being crushed between the piece and the table after the piece has been inserted and processing starts.

The ribbon honing machine must be entirely protected with a carter on the upper part of the ribbon, leaving only the lower part uncovered, in the area where the pad moves.

The portable honing machines must be handled with care, a at low speed and at the pressure required for processing.

Other machines equipped with tools for cutting, punching and milling are in any case equipped with protection limiting access to the tool to the part absolutely necessary for processing. The remaining part is protected by the fixed carter or interblocked with the electric plant of the machine.

The transmission parts of all the machines are normally protected by fixed carters.

For the processing of small size pieces on the machines (e.g. toupie, circular saws, jointer planer), besides the suitable operational precautions, specific equipment is required, such as workrests and pushers, the latter sometimes being self-constructed. Recently, they have been supplied together with the machines, or can be purchased for various uses from specialised firms.

Correct procedure call for workers to avoid wearing gloves, rings etc. while working at machines.

First aid kit with normal material. It is especially important to have a refrigerator available with ice to be used in the event of amputation for recovery and transport of the amputated part.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 109 - 108 - 110 - 111 - 68 - 113 - 112 - 114 - 115 - 55 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 - Title IV, Annexes IV and V

Regulation UNI EN 418 (1994)

Regulation EN 574 (1996)

D. Lgs. 459/96 - Annexe I

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 4 - Electrical safety - Inadequacy of electric plant in general and on machine

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

In this stage the basic frame is created, determining the size and appearance. According to the technology available in the firm, processing may be automated to a certain extent.

The classic processing involves butting, milling, grooving (cutting sites for the mechanical parts) and the assembly of the frame.

With regard to the glue used in assembly, the typical vinyl glue for wood, water base for cold gluing, is used. This material is not usually risky for the users.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Electric plant at least IP 44. Section electric panel with differential switch of at least 0.3A

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk due to electrocution of workers, due a inadequacy of electric plant in general and on machine.

Risk of accidents due to sudden start-up of moving parts of the machine after power cut and subsequent return of power.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Only one accident has been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Assessment of the suitability of the overall electric plant, the presence and suitability of the ground devices, the presence of an automatic safety switch. Periodical maintenance of the plant.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The maintenance of the electric plant and all electrical work are contracted to specialised electricians

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Title VII DPR 547/55

Art. 6 – 9 L. 46/1990

Regulation CEI 64-8

Regulation CEI 20-13

Regulation CEI 44-5

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 4 - Fire and explosion - Fire risk due to inflammable material (dust and sawdust, semi-finished items)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

In this stage the basic frame is created, determining the size and appearance. According to the technology available in the firm, processing may be automated to a certain extent.

The classic processing involves butting, milling, grooving (cutting sites for the mechanical parts) and the assembly of the frame.

With regard to the glue used in assembly, the typical vinyl glue for wood, water base for cold gluing, is used. This material is not usually risky for the users.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire risk due to the presence of inflammable material (dust and sawdust, semi-finished items being processed or stored) together with accidental triggering (shortcircuit, lighted cigarettes, open heaters).

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Reduction of load and fire risk by work organisation with rational rules and periodical cleaning of surfaces, with removal of dust and sawdust. No smoking.

Assessment of adequacy and maintenance over time of the standards of the overall electric plant and the one and on the machine, the presence and suitability of the ground devices, the presence of an automatic safety switch.

Correct maintenance of the overall electric plant and equipment.

Absolutely no smoking.

Suitability of heating systems (no open flame heaters)

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34- 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property.

Stage 4 - Fire and explosion - Inadequacy of fire-fighting systems

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

In this stage the basic frame is created, determining the size and appearance. According to the technology available in the firm, processing may be automated to a certain extent.

The classic processing involves butting, milling, grooving (cutting sites for the mechanical parts) and the assembly of the frame.

With regard to the glue used in assembly, the typical vinyl glue for wood, water base for cold gluing, is used. This material is not usually risky for the users.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire risk due to insufficient or unsuitable fire-fighting equipment

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Availability of suitable and sufficient fire-fighting equipment, with adequate maintenance and registration.

The problem of fire prevention must also be properly studied with regard to drawing up a suitable emergency plan and having properly trained workers.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The maintenance of extinguishers in contracted to specialised external firms

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34- 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 4 - Fire and explosion – Lack of signs

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

In this stage the basic frame is created, determining the size and appearance. According to the technology available in the firm, processing may be automated to a certain extent.

The classic processing involves butting, milling, grooving (cutting sites for the mechanical parts) and the assembly of the frame.

With regard to the glue used in assembly, the typical vinyl glue for wood, water base for cold gluing, is used. This material is not usually risky for the users.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Signs in accordance with D.Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Installation of suitable and adequate safety signs marking routes and with wall signs.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art.13 DPR 547/55

Annexe II D. Lgs. 626/94

D. Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 5 - Structural risks - Inadequate emergency exists and escape routes

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The frame, at this point, is subjected to the initial finishing operations. In order to ensure that the wood maintains over time good characteristics of structural resistance and appearance with climatic variations, UV radiation etc. it is treated with special products containing preservatives, mould protection, UV protection etc..

The treatment solvent generally also provides the required colour (light or dark brown, mahogany etc.). The treatment procedure is undertaken with various means – brushes, spraying and immersion - especially according to the volume of production and equipment available. This is followed by the drying of the product, undertaken in the same place as treatment, or sometimes in dedicated locations. In this stage it is important to avoid contact with dust, and therefore to use specific rooms or plants.

For some time, water-based treatment has been used, with obvious benefits for the environment, health risks and in the end also with excellent results with regard to appearance.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Insufficient number of emergency exits and difficulties in reaching them in case of fire. Obstacles on escape routes.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

For other emergencies (e.g. floods, earthquakes) the damage is correlated with the type of event, its violence and suddenness and the number of people present at the time of the event

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

The escape routes must also be suitably dimensioned, provided with floor and wall signs and not be obstructed with obstacles.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 13 DPR 547/55

Art. 3 D. Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n. 81 of 07.04.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment.

Stage 5 - Machines and equipment - Accidents due to handling products (hitting, falling)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

For some time, water-based treatment has been used, with obvious benefits for the environment, health risks and in the end also with excellent results with regard to appearance.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of accidents due to being hit, during handling of frames by another worker.

Falling of products.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Two accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Adequate spaces and visibility of the operations during handling of products. Equipping with safety shoes.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 383 - 384 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 - Title IV, Annexes IV and V

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 5 - Electrical safety – Inadequate overall electric plant and on equipment

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

For some time, water-based treatment has been used, with obvious benefits for the environment, health risks and in the end also with excellent results with regard to appearance.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Electric plant at least IP 55. Section electric panel with differential switch of at least 0.3A

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of electrocution of workers due to unsuitability or poor maintenance (wear, breakage) of the electric plant in the section or corresponding to the equipment

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Assessment of the suitability of the overall electric plant on the section and corresponding to the equipment, the presence and suitability of ground devices, the availability electromagnetic release device.

Correct maintenance of the plant.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The maintenance of the electric plant and all electrical work is undertaken by specialised external contractors

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Title VII DPR 547/55

Art. 6 – 9 L. 46/1990

Regulation CEI 64-8

Regulation CEI 20-13

Regulation CEI 64-2/A

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 5 - Fire and explosion - Fire risk due to inflammable items (storage and processing)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

For some time, water-based treatment has been used, with obvious benefits for the environment, health risks and in the end also with excellent results with regard to appearance.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

The fire risk is due to the presence of inflammable materials (treatment solvents, diluents) combined with possible causes of accidental triggering (inadequate electric plant near the main area with solvent emission, therefore spraying zone or near the vats, open wood heaters, lighted cigarettes).

The electric plant near any drying rooms must also have characteristics compatible with the presence of solvent vapours.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

The painting or treatment chamber and in any case the suction plant must have electric plants suited to the presence of inflammable materials.

Near the zone with most solvent emission and, if possible, in the drying room, only the necessary electrical equipment will be installed and must in any case have characteristics and protection standards suited to the products used.

All the electric plants must be periodically inspected for prompt intervention for wear, breakage etc.

Suitable heating equipment. No smoking.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34- 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 5 – Fire and explosion - Inadequacy of fire-fighting systems

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

For some time, water-based treatment has been used, with obvious benefits for the environment, health risks and in the end also with excellent results with regard to appearance.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Powder extinguishers or CO2, on trolleys or portable; installation provided for in fire prevention plan or on the basis of risk assessment

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire risk due to insufficient or unsuitable fire-fighting equipment

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Availability of suitable and sufficient fire-fighting equipment, with adequate maintenance and registration.

The problem of fire prevention must also be properly studied with regard to drawing up a suitable emergency plan and having properly trained workers.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The maintenance of extinguishers in contracted to specialised external firms

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34- 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 5 - Fire and explosion – Lack of signs

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

For some time, water-based treatment has been used, with obvious benefits for the environment, health risks and in the end also with excellent results with regard to appearance.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Signs according to D.Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Installation of suitable and adequate safety signs marking routes and with wall signs.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art.13 DPR 547/55

Annexe II D. Lgs. 626/94

D. Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 5 - Dangerous substances - Fire risk due to unsuitable storage of inflammable treatment products

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

For some time, water-based treatment has been used, with obvious benefits for the environment, health risks and in the end also with excellent results with regard to appearance.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Electric plant in compliance with safety standards in the Annexe to standard CEI 64-2

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire risk due to medium or large amounts of inflammable substances (treatment products, paint, diluents) stored directly at the workplace, piled on the floor or on ordinary shelves and near electric plants or other triggering sources (cigarettes, open flame heaters).

Small amounts of the same substances kept incorrectly open towards the painting chamber or nearby, for cleaning guns or carelessness.

Vats containing treatment solvents, left open when not in use.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Storage of inflammable items in a specially assigned room, in compliance with Fire Department standards and with only the necessary electric plant, with components and IP number suitable to the room and to the amounts and characteristics of storage.

Alternatively, and for small amounts, storage at the workplace in special fireproof cabinets, with products divided by type. Absolutely no smoking. Suitable heating equipment.

Closing of all recipients containing inflammable solvents; rags, etc. soaked with solvent must be also be kept in closed containers.

Closing of vats for soaking treatment.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 363 DPR 547/55

Art. 18 DPR 303/56

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 6 - Structural risks - Inadequate emergency exists and escape routes

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

After treatment the frame undergoes light sanding. This is because when the wood is dampened with the treatment fluid, the fibres rise and these must be eliminated in order to provide a smooth surface ready for finishing. The items are also sanded after the first coat of paint and before the final coat.

The operation is undertaken by hand, using fine grain sandpaper. A dusting stage may follow for the removal of the dust left on the product by the previous operation.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Insufficient number of emergency exits and difficulties in reaching them in case of fire. Obstacles on escape routes.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

For other emergencies (e.g. floods, earthquakes) the damage is correlated with the type of event, its violence and suddenness and the number of people present at the time of the event

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

The escape routes must also be suitably dimensioned, provided with floor and wall signs and not be obstructed with obstacles.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 13 DPR 547/55

Art. 3 D. Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n. 81 of 07.04.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 6 - Machines and equipment - Accidents due to handling products (hitting, falling)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The operation is undertaken by hand, using fine grain sandpaper. A dusting stage may follow for the removal of the dust left on the product by the previous operation.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of accidents due to being hit, during handling of frames by another worker.

Falling of products.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Adequate spaces and visibility of the operations during handling of products. Safety shoes.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 383 - 384 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 - Title IV, Annexes IV and V

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 6 - Machines and equipment - Accidents due to handling products (hitting, falling)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The operation is undertaken by hand, using fine grain sandpaper. A dusting stage may follow for the removal of the dust left on the product by the previous operation.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of accidents due to being hit, during handling of frames undertaken by another worker.

Falling of products.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Adequate spaces and visibility of the operations during handling of products. Safety shoes.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 383 - 384 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 - Title IV, Annexes IV and V

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 6 – Machines and equipment – Entry of dust into eyes

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The operation is undertaken by hand, using fine grain sandpaper. A dusting stage may follow for the removal of the dust left on the product by the previous operation.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Compressed air gun

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of eye contact with sawdust or pigments coming from the blow-dusting operations.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Eye injuries, usually light.

Five accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Correct use of individual protective devices (goggles).

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

D.Lgs. 626/94 Title IV

Art. 382 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 6 - Fire and explosion - Fire risk due to inflammable dust

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The operation is undertaken by hand, using fine grain sandpaper. A dusting stage may follow for the removal of the dust left on the product by the previous operation.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Machines and equipment are not involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

The fire risk is due to the presence of inflammable dust (sawdust, pigments) in possible combination with accidental triggering causes (unsuitability or poor maintenance of the overall electric plant and on the machine, lighted cigarettes, open wood heaters).

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

In the sandpapering area the electric plant must have suitable characteristics and adequate protection (IP).

Correct maintenance of the electric plant.

Suitable heating equipment (no open flame heaters). Absolutely no smoking.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34- 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 6 – Fire and explosion - Inadequacy of fire-fighting systems

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The operation is undertaken by hand, using fine grain sandpaper. A dusting stage may follow for the removal of the dust left on the product by the previous operation.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Powder extinguishers or CO2, on trolleys or portable; installation provided for in fire prevention plan or on the basis of risk assessment

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire risk due to insufficient or unsuitable fire-fighting equipment

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Availability of suitable and sufficient fire-fighting equipment, with adequate maintenance and registration.

The problem of fire prevention must also be properly studied with regard to drawing up a suitable emergency plan and having properly trained workers.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The maintenance of extinguishers in contracted to specialised external firms

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34- 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 6 - Fire and explosion – Lack of signs

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The operation is undertaken by hand, using fine grain sandpaper. A dusting stage may follow for the removal of the dust left on the product by the previous operation.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Signs according to D.Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Installation of suitable and adequate safety signs marking routes and with wall signs.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art.13 DPR 547/55

Annexe II D. Lgs. 626/94

D. Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 7 - Structural risks - Inadequate emergency exists and escape routes

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The frame, after treatment and sandpapering, is finished with outdoor paint (if the frame is for outdoors) or indoor paint, with different characteristics; the purpose of this stage is to obtain a good standard of appearance (for example, a shiny or opaque finishing), and to provide the wood with further mechanical protection and filtering against sunlight, in order to maintain standards over time.

Obviously, these protective characteristics are much less important in the case of products for use indoors, where the appearance will be more important.

For the operations procedures and equipment similar to those in treatment are used; water-based products are increasingly used, especially outdoors.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Insufficient number of emergency exits and difficulties in reaching them in case of fire. Obstacles on escape routes.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

For other emergencies (e.g. floods, earthquakes) the damage is correlated with the type of event, its violence and suddenness and the number of people present at the time of the event

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

The escape routes must also be suitably dimensioned, provided with floor and wall signs and not be obstructed with obstacles.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 13 DPR 547/55

Art. 3 D. Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n. 81 of 07.04.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 7 - Machines and equipment - Accidents due to handling products (hitting, falling)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Obviously, these protective characteristics are much less important in the case of products for use indoors, where the appearance will be more important.

For the operations procedures and equipment similar to those in treatment are used; water-based products are increasingly used, especially outdoors.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of accidents due to being hit or falling of frames, during handling and il transport degli stessi

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Two accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Adequate spaces and visibility of the operations during handling of products. Safety shoes.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 383 - 384 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 - Title IV, Annexes IV and V

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 7 – Machines and equipment – Entry of chemical substances in the eyes

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Obviously, these protective characteristics are much less important in the case of products for use indoors, where the appearance will be more important.

For the operations procedures and equipment similar to those in treatment are used; water-based products are increasingly used, especially outdoors.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Vats for immersion painting. Sprayguns.

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of eye contact with chemical substances (paint, diluents, etc.) during painting

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Eye injuries, usually light.

Four accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Correct use of individual protective devices (goggles).

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

D.Lgs. 626/94 Title IV

Art. 382 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 7 - Electrical safety - Inadequacy of electric plant in general and on machine

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Obviously, these protective characteristics are much less important in the case of products for use indoors, where the appearance will be more important.

For the operations procedures and equipment similar to those in treatment are used; water-based products are increasingly used, especially outdoors.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Electric plant at least IP 55. Section electric panel with differential switch of at least 0.3A

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of electrocution of workers due to unsuitability or poor maintenance (wear, breakage) of the electric plant in the section or corresponding to the equipment

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Correct maintenance of the plant.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The maintenance of the electric plant and all electrical work is undertaken by specialised external contractors

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Title VII DPR 547/55

Art. 6 – 9 L. 46/1990

Regulation CEI 64-8

Regulation CEI 20-13

Regulation CEI 64-2

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 7 - Fire and explosion - Fire risk due to inflammable material (paint, diluents)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Obviously, these protective characteristics are much less important in the case of products for use indoors, where the appearance will be more important.

For the operations procedures and equipment similar to those in treatment are used; water-based products are increasingly used, especially outdoors.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

The fire risk is due to the presence of inflammable materials being processed, in possible combination with accidental triggering causes (shortcircuit, cigarettes, open wood heaters). The electric plant near any drying rooms must also have characteristics compatible with the presence of solvent vapours.

In both cases proper maintenance of the plants is also required (wear, breakage, etc.)

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

Only one accident has been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

The painting or treatment chamber and in any case the suction plant must have electric plants suited to the presence of inflammable materials.

All the electric plants must be periodically inspected for prompt intervention for wear, breakage etc.

Suitable heating equipment (no open flame heaters). Absolutely no smoking.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34- 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 7 – Fire and explosion - Inadequacy of fire-fighting systems

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Obviously, these protective characteristics are much less important in the case of products for use indoors, where the appearance will be more important.

For the operations procedures and equipment similar to those in treatment are used; water-based products are increasingly used, especially outdoors.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Powder extinguishers or CO2, on trolleys or portable; installation provided for in fire prevention plan or on the basis of risk assessment

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire risk due to insufficient or unsuitable fire-fighting equipment

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Availability of suitable and sufficient fire-fighting equipment, with adequate maintenance and registration.

The problem of fire prevention must also be properly studied with regard to drawing up a suitable emergency plan and having properly trained workers.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The maintenance of extinguishers in contracted to specialised external firms

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34- 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 7 - Fire and explosion – Lack of signs

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Obviously, these protective characteristics are much less important in the case of products for use indoors, where the appearance will be more important.

For the operations procedures and equipment similar to those in treatment are used; water-based products are increasingly used, especially outdoors.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Signs according to D.Lgs. 494/96

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Installation of suitable and adequate safety signs marking routes and with wall signs.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art.13 DPR 547/55

Annexe II D. Lgs. 626/94

D. Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 7 - Dangerous substances - Fire risk due to unsuitable storage of inflammable products (paint and diluents)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Obviously, these protective characteristics are much less important in the case of products for use indoors, where the appearance will be more important.

For the operations procedures and equipment similar to those in treatment are used; water-based products are increasingly used, especially outdoors.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Safe electric plant

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Small amounts of the same substances kept incorrectly open towards the painting chamber or nearby, for cleaning guns or carelessness.

Vats containing treatment solvents, left open when not in use.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Alternatively, and for small amounts, storage at the workplace in special fireproof cabinets, with products divided by type. Absolutely no smoking. Suitable heating equipment.

Closing of all recipients containing inflammable solvents; rags, etc. soaked with solvent must be also be kept in closed containers.

Closing of vats for painting by immersion.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 363 DPR 547/55

Art. 18 DPR 303/56

Regulation CEI 64-2 App. D

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 8 - Structural risks - Inadequate emergency exists and escape routes

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

This is the last construction stage of the frame: The mechanical components are installed on the frame (hinges locks, handles), as well as rubber linings and the glass, which will then be properly secured. These are accessories purchased ready-made by the firms according to the final characteristics of the frame and customer request, and installed manually with limited use of tools. Once these operations are completed, the frame is ready for final installation at the building site.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Insufficient number of emergency exits and difficulties in reaching them in case of fire. Obstacles on escape routes.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

For other emergencies (e.g. floods, earthquakes) the damage is correlated with the type of event, its violence and suddenness and the number of people present at the time of the event

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

The escape routes must also be suitably dimensioned, provided with floor and wall signs and not be obstructed with obstacles.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 13 DPR 547/55

Art. 3 D. Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n. 81 of 07.04.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 8 - Machines and equipment - Accidents due to handling products (hitting, falling)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of accidents due to being hit, during handling of frames by another worker.

Falling pieces.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Two accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Adequate spaces and visibility of the operations during handling of products.

Safety shoes.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 384 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 - Title IV, Annexes IV and V

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 8 - Machines and equipment - Accidents from the use of mechanised manual tools

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Electric or battery screwers, compressed air riveting guns (with compressed air plant or portable compressor), scissors (cutting of glass packing) screwdrivers.

New generation machines and tools with EC label.

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of accidents form using tools for assembly (in particular riveting guns)

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Deep injuries with varying degrees of seriousness due to nails and staples, in various parts of the body (riveting guns).

Less serious injuries, especially due to accidental contact with rotating points, screwdrivers, etc.

Eighteen accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

The use of riveting guns requires a certain amount of care by the workers; the tool must in any case be equipped with obligatory safety devices (safety catch, guard).

Manual tools (e.g. screwdrivers) and also screwers etc. require only the normal precautions.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 68 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 8 - Electrical safety – Inadequacy of general electric plant

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Electric plant at least IP 44. Section electric panel with differential switch of at least 0.3A

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of electrocution of workers due to unsuitability or poor maintenance (wear, breakage) of the electric plant.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Assessment of the suitability of the overall electric plant, the presence and suitability of the ground devices, the presence of an automatic safety switch.

Correct maintenance of the plant.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The maintenance of the electric plant and all electrical work is undertaken by specialised external contractors

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Title VII DPR 547/55

Art. 6 – 9 L. 46/1990

Regulation CEI 64-8

Regulation CEI 20-13

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 8 - Electrical safety – Insufficient electrical insulation of mechanised tools

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Electric tools in compliance with the EC low voltage directive

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk due to electrocution because of insufficient insulation (normally due to wear) of the mechanised tools (e.g. screwers), unless portable battery-run tools are used.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Assessment or restoring of insulation standards of the equipment (ground or double insulation). Proper connection of the equipment to a suitable grounding system (when required by the manufacturing characteristics of the tool).

Where possible (also for greater practicality), use portable battery-run tools.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 315 DPR 547/55

L.791 of 18.10.1977

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 8 - Fire and explosion - Fire risk due to inflammable items (products in wood)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

In this risk factor non are implicate machines or equipment

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

The fire risk is due to the presence of inflammable material (wood) combined with possible causes of accidental triggering due to unsuitable or poorly maintained electric systems and mechanised tools, , or to other factors (lighted cigarettes, open wood heaters).

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Correct maintenance of the plant. No smoking.

Suitability of heating systems (no open flame heaters).

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34- 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 8 – Fire and explosion - Inadequacy of fire-fighting systems

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire risk due to insufficient or unsuitable fire-fighting equipment

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Availability of suitable and sufficient fire-fighting equipment, with adequate maintenance and registration.

The problem of fire prevention must also be properly studied with regard to drawing up a suitable emergency plan and having properly trained workers.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The maintenance of extinguishers in contracted to specialised external firms

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34- 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 8 - Fire and explosion – Lack of signs

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Signs according to D.Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Installation of suitable and adequate safety signs marking routes and with wall signs.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art.13 DPR 547/55

Annexe II D. Lgs. 626/94

D. Lgs. 493/96

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 9 - Machines and equipment - Accidents due to mechanised manual tools

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

The finished frame is brought by lorry to the building site, where it is installed, normally by the personnel of the carpentry workshop. For small firms the personnel organises work with the alternating of periods dedicated to the manufacturing of the products with others in which the same workers are working externally on installation.

Obviously, the larger the firm, the easier it is to have workers exclusively involved in transport and installation for the customer. There are normally two workers, since this facilitates both the unloading and the installation operations.

During the installation of the frames on the building under construction and to guarantee thermal installation requirements, the installers generally use filling products for insulation with polyurethane spray. These present certain risks though this is reduced by the small amounts involved, and because the operation takes place outdoors and therefore in a place that is ventilated.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Electric or battery screwers, compressed air riveting guns (with compressed air plant or portable compressor), portable electric or battery drill. Portable cutting-off machine

New generation machines and tools with EC label.

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of accidents from the use of tools for installation at the building site where in some cases it proves necessary to adapt the supporting structures (counter-frames); it is always necessary to complete the finishings when the frame is installed (insulation, windowsills etc.) Mechanised manual tools are used for these operations (e.g. riveting guns, screwers) and often also portable cutter.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Deep injuries with varying degrees of seriousness due to nails and staples, in various parts of the body (riveting guns).

Less serious injuries, especially due to accidental contact with rotating points, screwdrivers, etc.

Eighteen accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Serious or very serious injury (amputation) due to contact with upper limbs, in particular fingers, with the cutter blade. Eye injuries flying splinters or pieces of wood being processed.

Eight accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

The cutter must be provided with the necessary protection (fixed carter + mobile retractable semicarter, securing of piece, button for operation only with the worker present, proper electrical standards. The manual tools (e.g. screwdrivers) and also screwers etc. (generally portable battery-run) require only the normal precautions. The use of riveting guns requires a certain amount of care by the worker; the tool must in any case be equipped with obligatory safety devices (safety catch, guard).

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 68 – 70 DPR 547/55

DPR 459/96 - Annexe I

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 9 - Machines and equipment - Accidents due to handling products (hitting, falling)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of accidents due to being hit, during handling of frames by another worker.

Falling of products during loading, unloading and manual transport.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Injuries or trauma per involvement parts of the body of workers due to falling products.

Four accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Precautions during operations; agreement among workers on handling. Safety shoes.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 384 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 – Title IV

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 9 - Machines and equipment - Accidents due to falling of work equipment (ladders, platforms)

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Ladders, platforms

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of accidents due to falling during the use of work equipment in high places: ladders with unsuitable structural characteristics or improperly used, and platforms or trestles without the required structural and safety standards. Improper use.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Multiple traumas, also serious or very serious (permanent disability or death) according to the height and procedures involved, due to persons falling from high places.

Two accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

The ladders must be ordinarily used as workplaces but only to reach proper equipment or raised working areas. In any case they must have proper standards, with dowels properly secured at the foot and the top, if necessary with the help of another person. A preliminary assessment is required of the suitability of the ladder for use on the basis of its length and the angle involved.

Platforms, trestles, etc., if used at least 2 metres from the ground (preferably at any height) must be solid and have safety standards, with the required railings on the exposed sides. For mobile equipment, wheels must be secured with brakes or wedges.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 18 – 19 – 20 – 21 DPR 547/55

Art. 8 – 16 – 24 – 52 DPR 164/56

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 9 - Machines and equipment – Road accidents

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Vehicles such as vans or small lorries.

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of road accidents on the workshop-building site route.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Multiple traumas, injuries and burns, of varying degrees of seriousness (also with permanent disability or death) for the workers, on the basis of the type of accident and the speed of the vehicles involved.

Three accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Besides the normal driving precautions, proper maintenance of vehicles and the respect of the maximum load limits. Caution required for long journeys.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Specialised garages undertake maintenance of vehicles used for the transport of products

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

D.Lgs. 285/92 (New Highway Code)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible involvement of other vehicles and their drivers and passengers, with damage a person and goods. Possible involvement of the same in the falling of products improperly secured to the vehicle used for transport.

Stage 9 - Electrical safety – Insufficient electrical insulation of mechanised tools

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Electric tools in compliance with the EC low voltage directive

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk due to electrocution because of insufficient insulation (normally due to wear) of mechanised tools, when portable battery-run tools are not used. Use of equipment with ground cable in plants without grounding.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Assessment or restoring of insulation standards of the equipment (ground or double insulation). Proper ground connection of the equipment to a suitable grounding system (if required by the tool manufacturing characteristics).

Where possible (also for greater practicality), use portable battery-run tools.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 315 DPR 547/55

L. 791 of 18.10.1977

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 10 - Machines and equipment - Accidents during handling moving parts of machines

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Since individual machines are involved, no specific or general time can be assigned for maintenance. Since each machine almost always fulfils irreplaceable functions, attention must be paid to each one to monitor any malfunctioning before breakdowns, which would require external service with significant delays to production.

The workshops undergo periodical cleaning (usually weekly, at the end of processing), for the removal of sawdust and dust accumulated in the rooms; this reduces both environmental dust and fire risks.

The periodical cleaning of the suction plant bag filters is required both for general plants with silos and for small filter on the machines, in order to maintain proper filtering of dust and sawdust and to reduce fire risks.

Periodical maintenance is also required for the blades of the machines (circular blades, planing machines, milling machines), while grinding operations are mainly contracted outside. In many cases, machinery is increasingly being replaced for quality and economic reasons.

Because of the characteristics of the sector, la maintenance of fire fighting equipment is important and is wholly governed by legislation. With regard to extinguishers, they are periodically inspected by an external firm, while the companies themselves must deal with any other installations (hydrants and hydrant systems, smoke detectors etc.).

Finally, the maintenance of the painting chambers is important, with periodical replacement of filters in dry chambers and of the water in the water-based systems.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of accidents during the handling of sharp tools (blades, planing machines, milling machines, etc.) for replacement or maintenance.

Three accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Injuries, also serious, per contact with cutting parts of blades, knives, etc.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Normal operational precautions. Use of individual protective devices (gloves).

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The sharpening of blades is the only operation assigned in many cases a specialised external firms (in about 90% of the firms in the sector)

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 383 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 – Title IV

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 10 - Machines and equipment - Accidents during the sharpening of blades

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Finally, the maintenance of the painting chambers is important, with periodical replacement of filters in dry chambers and of the water in the water-based systems.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Mill or “triangle” sharpeners. Mostly regarding older design machines, since replacement or external maintenance is now increasingly used.

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Risk of eye injuries due to flying splinters or metal dust.

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Eye injuries (usually light)

Only one accident has been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Use of individual protective devices (goggles).

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

The sharpening of blades is the only operation assigned in many cases a specialised external firms (in about 90% of the firms in the sector) when worn tools are not directly replaced.

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 382 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 – Title IV

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 10 - Fire and explosion - Fire risk during la maintenance of filters

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Finally, the maintenance of the painting chambers is important, with periodical replacement of filters in dry chambers and of the water in the water-based systems.

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Fire risk due to the presence and handling, in bad filters in solos or on machines, of various amounts (sometimes large, in the case of silos) of inflammable material (dust and sawdust, etc.) together with accidental triggering (shortcircuit, lighted cigarettes, sparks, open heaters).

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Serious or very serious injury (also with permanent disability or death) due to prevention of evacuation following asphyxia sometimes caused by inhaling harmful gas (CO, HCN, etc.) and by burns.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Periodical cleaning of workshops with removal of sawdust and dust to limit as much as possible the fire risk during maintenance. Normal precautions to avoid raising dust and dispersal of dust when emptying and cleaning filters.

The overall electric plant and on the various machines must be properly maintained with periodical verification for assessment of any problems (wear, breakage).

Suitable ground for silos.

Absolutely no smoking during maintenance operations. No open flame heaters in the section.

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

No. The maintenance is undertaken by the firm’s workers.

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Art. 34 - 36 -37 DPR 547/55

D. Interministeriale 16.02.1982

Art. 13 D. Lgs. 626/94

Art. 2 - 3 D.Interministeriale 10.03.1998 (G.U. n.81 of 7.4.1998)

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Possible propagation of fire to surrounding areas, with possible acute or chronic injury to residents and damage to property

Stage 1 - Physical agents – Improper microclimate at workplace (outdoor shed, warehouse)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

For the period required for the work and according to the season, climate (e.g. rain) and geographical location (e.g. altitude), workers are exposed to unfavourable microclimatic conditions, especially in winter. Most of the operations take place outside the workshops or in unheated areas.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Pathologies due to cold, in particular in the upper respiratory tract.

This type of pathology does not cause absence due to accident; the worker stays at home due to illness.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Since these operations are basically occasional, in many cases there can be planning of deliveries to at least avoid the worst seasons and if possible days with rain or snow. The workers will in any case be provided with suitable clothing, which generally consists in a larger number of garments and special garments (e.g. windbreakers, waterproof poncho).

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art.11 DPR 303/56

Art. 11 - 377 – 379 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 1 - Biological agents – Involuntary exposure to micro-organisms (injuries)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

The handling of wood with rough surfaces can cause injury, for example by penetration of wood splinters.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Injuries with infectious complications, sometimes serious (tetanus) due to micro-organisms

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Use of gloves. Careful disinfecting of injuries. Compulsory tetanus vaccination.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 383 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 – Title IV

L. n.419 of 20.03.1968 (Amendments to L. n.292 of 05.03.1963)

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 2 - Physical agents – Improper microclimate at workplace (outdoor shed, warehouse)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

The wood in boards is taken from storage and brought to the workshop for initial processing.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Pathologies due to cold, in particular in the upper respiratory tract.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

These operations are basically occasional and in many cases do not last long. The workers will in any case be provided with suitable clothing, which generally consists in a larger number of garments and special garments (e.g. windbreakers, waterproof poncho). If possible the worst days with rain or snow will be avoided, also to avoid getting the wood wet.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art.11 DPR 303/56

Art. 11 - 377 – 379 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 2 - Biological agents - Involuntary exposure to micro-organisms (injuries)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

The wood in boards is taken from storage and brought to the workshop for initial processing.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

The handling of wood with rough surfaces can cause injury, for example from wood splinters.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Injuries with infectious complications, sometimes serious (tetanus) due to micro-organisms

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Use of gloves. Careful disinfecting of injuries. Compulsory tetanus vaccination.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 383 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 – Title IV

L. n.419 of 20.03.1968 (Amendments to L. n.292 of 05.03.1963)

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 3 - Chemical agents – Exposure to inhaling wood dust

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

This is the first stage in processing the rough boards coming from storage: the board is sawed longitudinally and/or cut to measure. Listels are then made, which after further processing and assembly will form the basic frame. For this stage machinery with low cutting accuracy, and thus usually very noisy, is used.

Due to the risk features of this stage (noise, dust) this work is usually conducted in specially equipped workshops whenever possible, in any case in larger firms.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

Aspiration plant with external filter unit (silos or bag filters) or with bag filters on machines.

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Exposure to inhaling wood dust during the first wood processing on the machines. Measurements were made at the workplace on two circular saws with suction devices in 2 firms. The values recorded were 0.25 and 12 mg/m³ compared to TLV ACGIH (1996/97) of 1 mg/m³.

This means a considerable variety in exposure, depending on the type of wood process, the fineness of the cutting and the efficiency of suction.

The NIOSH method, recognised by UNICHIM, was used; it is based on the weighted calculation of airborne dust by the aspiration of the air through a membrane with cellulose nitrate micropores with a porosity of 0.8 micron and suction speed 1.5 l/min. The calculation is made with a microscale after conditioning the filters in an oven and drier.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Irritation of respiratory tract. Allergic asthma. Possible adenoids in the nasal cavity.

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Suitable suction of machines with dust collected in bag filters. Periodical cleaning of floors with suitable vacuum cleaners.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 15 and 21 DPR 303/56

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

External emission of wood dust in case of breakdowns in the filter plants, with possible irritable odours and respiratory pathologies (allergy) for the population resident in the vicinity.

Production of waste such as waste from processing of virgin wood.

Stage 3 - Physical agents – Exposure to noise (machines, suction plant)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Due to the risk features of this stage (noise, dust) this work is usually conducted in specially equipped workshops whenever possible, in any case in larger firms.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

All wood processing machines. Dust suction plant. Compressors and compressed air plant.

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Heavy noise exposure during work at machines. The level of average noise exposure for workers in this stage is between 90 and 95 dBA.

Exposure time, and therefore daily personal exposure to noise (LEP, d) will, however, vary considerable according to the size of the firm and therefore work organisation, since each worker normally undertakes various tasks, with differing levels of exposure throughout the working day or week.

The workers most exposed to noise will therefore be those who tend to work with machines, with respect to others who, even if not exclusively, do less noisy jobs (painting, assembly, transport and installation, etc.).

Average detected exposure in most cases is between 80 and 85 dBA (small firms, less specialisation) or between 85 and 90 dBA (medium size firms, longer working hours at machines).

With regard to soundproofing measures, there is a high percentage of circular saws quipped with “silenced” blades having an average noise reduction of 3 dBA (up to 5 dBA when idle)

When there is no separate location for this operational stage, the risk factor may also have a significant effect on workers not directly exposed.

With regard to the suction plant and the presence of compressors in the workplace, according to the plants, noise levels at the workplaces, are on average between 65 and 75 dBA. These are levels that to not significantly affect the exposure of workers working for many hours at the machines. In any case it is important to provide soundproofing when possible (moving the suction plant fan outside and soundproofing it, soundproofing and relocating of compressor).

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Hypoacusis due to noise.

A total of 5 episodes of occupational disease have been detected for this risk.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Equipping all circular saw blades with silencers. Sharpening of blades, a factor that guarantees less noise during cutting. Separation of processing from other types which are less noisy or not noisy

(e.g. assembly).

Soundproofing of suction plant fan and compressor (or relocation).

Individual Protective Devices (preferably ear defenders or headsets, to be worn or removed as required.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

D. Lgs. 277/91 – Chapter IV

Art. 19 DPR 303/56

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

Exposure of the population residing in the vicinity, with noise levels over the ones indicated in municipal acoustic zoning or with noise levels higher than the “differential criteria”, in case workshops in mixed or residential areas when there is insufficient soundproofing.

This exposure may involve annoyance and, in more sensitive individuals, pathologies deriving from the “disturbance” effect (insomnia, hypertension, psychosomatic disturbances).

Stage 3 - Biological agents – Involuntary exposure to micro-organisms (injuries)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Due to the risk features of this stage (noise, dust) this work is usually conducted in specially equipped workshops whenever possible, in any case in larger firms.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

The handling of wood with rough surfaces can cause injury, for example from wood splinters.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Injuries with infectious complications, sometimes serious (tetanus) due to micro-organisms.

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Use of gloves during handling and transport of wood and semi-finished products. However, gloves should not be used for working with machines (risk of being caught in the machine).

Careful disinfecting of injuries. Compulsory tetanus vaccination.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 383 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 – Title IV and Annexe V

L. n.419 of 20.03.1968 (Amendments to L. n.292 of 05.03.1963)

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment.

Stage 4 - Chemical agents – Exposure to inhaling wood dust

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

In this stage the basic frame is created, determining the size and appearance. According to the technology available in the firm, processing may be automated to a certain extent.

The classic processing in a small workshop starts with planing of listels, followed by the butting, milling, grooving (cutting sites for the mechanical parts) and the assembly of the frame. Some of the more up-to-date firms used machines (“4 shaft” planer), which perform the planing of the four sides of the listel at one time. The latest machines are designed for automatically undertaking all the profiling, followed by manual assembly. This machinery is expensive and usually only used for large production volumes. Finally, before being treated or painted, the frame is smoothed with a lapping machine or gauger.

With regard to the glue used in assembly, the typical vinyl glue for wood, water base for cold gluing, is used. This material is not usually risky for the users.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

Aspiration plant with external filter unit (silos or bag filters) or with bag filters on machines.

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Exposure to inhaling wood dust, during processing of wood on machines and during final smoothing.

A total of 23 measurements were made in 11 firms, with 20 figures recorded under the TLV ACGIH (1996/97) of 1 mg/m³. In three samples, however, higher values were recorded of, 3.08 (a “4 shaft” planer) 1.08 (a planing and molding machine) and 3,05 mg/m³ (a belt smoothing machine).

On average there is lower exposure than in stage 3, and this could be due to the finer level of processing, therefore with less sawdust and dust. The machines monitored, with sampling at the operator panel, were:

- 7 toupies

- 2 planing and molding machines

- 6 smoothing machines

- 4 gauging machines

- 2 planing machines

- 2 “4 shaft” planers

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Irritation of respiratory tract. Allergic asthma. Possible adenoids in the nasal cavity.

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Suitable suction of machines with dust collected in bag filters (preferably in separate silos, or in any case in bag filters on the machines).

Periodical cleaning of workshop floors with suitable vacuum cleaners.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 15 and 21 DPR 303/56

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

External emission of wood dust in case of breakdowns in the filter plants, with possible irritable odours and respiratory pathologies (allergy) for the population resident in the vicinity.

Production of waste such as waste from processing of virgin wood.

Stage 4 - Physical agents – Exposure to noise (machines, suction plant)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

In this stage the basic frame is created, determining the size and appearance. According to the technology available in the firm, processing may be automated to a certain extent.

With regard to the glue used in assembly, the typical vinyl glue for wood, water base for cold gluing, is used. This material is not usually risky for the users.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

All wood processing machines. Dust suction plant. Compressors and compressed air plant.

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Heavy noise exposure during work at machines. The level of average noise exposure for workers in this stage is between 90 and 95 dBA. The noisiest machines are the circular saws, planing machines and toupies, especially if not built recently.

Average detected exposure in most cases is between 80 and 85 dBA (small firms, less specialisation) or between 85 and 90 dBA (medium size firms, longer working hours at machines).

With regard to soundproofing measures, there is a high percentage of circular saws quipped with “silenced” blades having an average noise reduction of 3 dBA (up to 5 dBA when idle)

When there is no separate location for this operational stage, the risk factor may also have a significant effect on workers not directly exposed.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Hypoacusis due to noise.

A total of 5 episodes of occupational disease have been detected for this risk.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

With regard to soundproofing intervention, good results have been achieved with “silencing” of machinery: blades silenced with an average noise reduction of 3 dBA (up to 5 dBA when idle), planer blades (specify), milling machines with better aerodynamics (approximate reduction 2-3 dBA, especially when idle).

More up-to-date machines show better noise reduction (approximately 5 dBA); while this depends on the machines used, it also depends on the sharpening and balancing as well as the materials being processed. The more recent machines are definitely less noisy when idle, because of the better design of the weight and aerodynamic factors. It is estimated that about 30% of machines are of recent types (max. 5 years).

In automatic or semiautomatic machines soundproofing can obviously be provided (partially soundproofed hoods). Attempts have been made to apply this to less modern machines, with poor results due to problems related to use, regulation and maintenance.

No overall soundproofing of the environment has been recorded. This intervention does not seem to be feasible since the workers must work in the immediate vicinity of the machines, and are therefore highly exposed to direct noise, with very little effect on environmental noise. In any case the wood in the workshop and the fact that the workshop is fairly full normally means a good amount of “natural” noise absorption.

Silenced compressors .

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

D. Lgs. 277/91 - Chapter IV

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This exposure may involve annoyance and, in more sensitive individuals, pathologies deriving from the “disturbance” effect (insomnia, hypertension, psychosomatic disturbances).

Stage 4 - Biological agents – Involuntary exposure to micro-organisms (injuries)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

In this stage the basic frame is created, determining the size and appearance. According to the technology available in the firm, processing may be automated to a certain extent.

With regard to the glue used in assembly, the typical vinyl glue for wood, water base for cold gluing, is used. This material is not usually risky for the users.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

The handling of wood and semi-finished products can cause injury, for example from wood splinters; the latter may expose workers to sometimes serious infection (tetanus).

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Injuries with infectious complications, sometimes serious (tetanus) due to micro-organisms

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Use of gloves during handling and transport of wood and semi-finished products. However, gloves should not be used for working with machines (risk of being caught in the machine).

Careful disinfecting of injuries. Compulsory tetanus vaccination.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 383 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 – Title IV and Annexe V

L. n.419 of 20.03.1968 (Amendments to L. n.292 of 05.03.1963)

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 5 - Chemical agents – Exposure to inhalation of harmful substances (solvents for treatment)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

For some time, water-based treatment has been used, with obvious benefits for the environment, health risks and in the end also with excellent results with regard to appearance.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

Use of spray guns or soaking vats. Water-based or dry painting chamber with a size suited to production volume, equipped with suction plant and external outlet; recently installed chambers recorded in the survey (average 4/5 years).

In some modern firms there are assembly line systems for conveying products from the loading stage to painting, drying and unloading.

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Exposure of workers to low or medium risk solvent (market trends involve a gradual replacement of highly toxic solvents with similar products having lower health and environmental risks), used in preparing the treatment fluids or diluents used.

Two tests were conducted in 2 firms in the sector during soaking treatment in the chamber with suction plant; measurements taken at the operator panel.

The research provided for the analysis of the concentration rate of Butyl cellosolve (TLV 121 mg/m³); the measurements showed exposure levels under the above-stated TLV ACGIH (1994/95) threshold.

The NIOSH method, recognised by UNICHIM, was used; it is based on the weighted calculation of airborne dust by the aspiration of the air through an active carbon vegetable filter, with flow of 1.5 l/min. This is followed by dilution with carbon sulphate and gas chromatography analysis.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

For exposure to high concentrations, acute affects on the nasal passages (narcosis) and irritating to the skin and mucous membranes (especially for the lungs). For chronic exposure with low dosages, pathologies in the nervous system (psychosomatic syndromes or polyneuritis), and toxic effects on the liver and kidneys.

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Spray or soaking treatment operations are conducted with suction devices installed in the chambers, with an air suction velocity of at least 0.3 m/sec at the operator panel. For spraying, low pressure “airless” or “airmix” equipment has long been used, providing greater depositing yield on the products.

Given the constant improvement of appearance results and lower drying times, the use of water-based products is increasing, since these have a significantly lower (though not zero) health risk and lower environmental impact.

The use of these products with the technology mentioned above requires in any case the presence of a local suction device; it can be dispensed with only in brush application operations in adequately ventilated rooms.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

The stage is wholly or partially contracted to outside firms in 30% of the firms.

The contract is awarded to specialised firms, which exclusively undertake treatment/painting operations, and therefore have suitable equipment and personnel.

With respect to the production of firms assigning the stage to external contractors, the estimated percentage of contracted products is about 70%.

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 20 DPR 303/56

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

Emission in nearby areas of volatile organic substances deriving from the poor functioning or lack of filters (painting chambers) leading to exposure of the resident population resident; this emission in any case low has low concentrations also when there are filters. Noisome odours and possible irritation of the respiratory tract.

Production of special waste (solvents used for washing the equipment, paint sludge and containers, dilution water in painting chambers or filter in dry chambers) to be disposed of in authorised disposal sites or treated in suitable treatment plants (chemical waste); also in case of efficient disposal there is in any case a minimum environmental impact since 100% treatment efficiency is impossible.

In case of incorrect disposal of products or waste from painting, pollution of the soil, surface and groundwater may occur.

Stage 5 - Chemical agents – Undue exposure to harmful substances (improper separation)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

For some time, water-based treatment has been used, with obvious benefits for the environment, health risks and in the end also with excellent results with regard to appearance.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Failing the proper separation of the treatment and drying stages, undue exposure of workers to tasks not directly connected with the use of paint, and medium risk level solvents used in the treatment fluid or diluents.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Proper separation of the painting/treatment zone from the rest of the operations. The drying of products can be undertaken (preferably) in a separate room, without workers except for those involved in handling or removing the products. These rooms will be equipped with suitable artificial ventilation, with towers (at least 1 volume/hour) or dedicated suction plants.

Alternatively, the products can also be left to dry in a painting chamber while turned on (at least for the first hours of drying), with no workers present. The size of the chamber must, however, be suited to the number and size of the items left to dry together, avoiding placing them far away from the suction plant.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 19 DPR 303/56

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 6 - Chemical agents – Exposure to inhalation of dust (wood, pigment)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

The operation is undertaken by hand, using fine grain sand paper. A dusting stage may follow for the removal of the dust left on the product by the previous operation.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

Air guns with compressed air plant and fixed compressor, or with a portable compressor for dusting. Recently installed equipment has been observed (maximum 5 years).

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Exposure to dust inhalation (pigment, wood) in the manual sandpapering and in the dusting stage, especially if undertaken by blowing with compressed air.

The risk factor is not in any case significant, since the sandpaper and type of processing (manual operation) do not produce large amounts of dust in the workplace. The dusting stage also lasts a very short time.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Irritation of respiratory tract.

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

The installation of suction devices (e.g. worktable with suction) is found in semi-industrial plants which are not often found in this sector. Therefore, small local suction plants are generally used, or in many cases, individual protective devices (antidust facemasks); however, these are feasible (as sole protection) only for small-scale production and occasional operations.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 21 DPR 303/56

Art. 387 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 – Title IV

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment due to the small amounts involved.

Stage 6 - Physical agents – Exposure to noise (also due to improper separation)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

The operation is undertaken by hand, using fine grain sand paper. A dusting stage may follow for the removal of the dust left on the product by the previous operation.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

Air guns with compressed air plant and fixed compressor, or with a portable compressor for dusting. Recently installed equipment has been observed (maximum 5 years).

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Exposure to noise due to the operation results from the use of compressed air guns to dust the products after sandpapering. The dusting of cavities in particular involves very high noise levels (normally over a 100 dB).

Without separation of rooms, the stage is exposed to undue noise levels produced by frame construction operations, in particular by the use of machines. This occurs especially in workshops where, despite the lack of adequate separation, there is a certain degree of specialisation (workers who specifically sand and/or paint and others who work at the machines); this does not normally occur in small workshops.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Hypoacusis due to noise.

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Blowing with compressed air, if non indispensable, can be replaced with manual dusting (dry cloth or a brush). In any case, soundproofed compressed air guns with noise reduced by as much as 10 - 15 dBA, are available on the market, with a certain reduction of blowing power. The compressors must in any case be located elsewhere (distant from the operations) and/or soundproofed.

The undue exposure to noise from other operations can be prevented with suitable separation or a less exposed location, in some cases with suitable work organisation to avoid having the sandpapering and manufacturing take place at the same time.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

D. Lgs. 277/91 – Chapter IV

Art. 19 DPR 303/56

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 6 - Biological agents – Involuntary exposure to micro-organisms (injuries)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

The operation is undertaken by hand, using fine grain sand paper. A dusting stage may follow for the removal of the dust left on the product by the previous operation.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

In this stage workers typically run their hands over the surface to determine whether it is smooth enough; this may expose them to contact with splinters and therefore being wounded.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Injuries with infectious complications, sometimes serious (tetanus) due to micro-organisms

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Use of gloves during the operations. Careful disinfecting of injuries. Compulsory tetanus vaccination.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 383 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 – Title IV

L. n.419 of 20.03.1968 (Amendments to L. n.292 of 05.03.1963)

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 7 - Chemical agents – Exposure to inhalation of harmful substances

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Obviously, these protective characteristics are much less important in the case of products for use indoors, where the appearance will be more important.

For the operations procedures and equipment similar to those in treatment are used; water-based products are increasingly used, especially outdoors.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

In some modern firms there are assembly line systems for conveying products from the loading stage to painting, drying and unloading.

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

This exposure corresponds to that in the treatment stage, but the products are often more harmful due to the higher percentage of solvents contents.

Ten tests were conducted in 10 firms in the sector during spray painting in a chamber with suction plant; measurements taken at the operator panel.

The research provided for the analysis of the concentration rate of the following solvents: Butyl cellosolve (TLV 121 mg/m³), MEK (590), MIBK (205), Diacetonalcool (238), Toluol (188), Xylol (434), TDI (0,036), Acetone (1780), Ethylene acetate (1440), Iso-butylacetate (713), Butanol (152), according to the products used.

All the measurements showed exposure levels under the above-stated TLV ACGIH (1994/95) threshold.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Measures similar to those for treatment.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

The stage is wholly or partially contracted to outside firms in 30% of the firms.

The contract is awarded to specialised firms, which exclusively undertake treatment/painting operations, and therefore have suitable equipment and personnel.

With respect to the production of firms assigning the stage to external contractors, the estimated percentage of contracted products is about 70%.

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 20 DPR 303/56

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

In case of incorrect disposal of products or waste from painting, pollution of the soil, surface and groundwater may occur.

Stage 7 - Chemical agents – Undue exposure to inhalation of harmful substances (improper separation)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Obviously, these protective characteristics are much less important in the case of products for use indoors, where the appearance will be more important.

For the operations procedures and equipment similar to those in treatment are used; water-based products are increasingly used, especially outdoors.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Proper separation of the painting/treatment zone from the rest of the operations. The drying of products can be undertaken (preferably) in a separate room, without workers except for those involved in handling or removing the products. These rooms will be equipped with suitable artificial ventilation, with towers (at least 1 volume/hour) or dedicated suction plants.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 19 DPR 303/56

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 8 - Physical agents – Exposure to noise (also due to simultaneous undertaking of other processing)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

This is the last construction stage of the frame. The mechanical components are installed on the frame (hinges locks, handles), as well as rubber linings and the glass, which will then be properly secured. These are accessories purchased ready-made by the firms according to the final characteristics of the frame and customer request, and installed manually with limited use of tools. Once these operations are completed, the frame is ready for final installation at the building site.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

Compressed air riveting gun. The machines used for manufacturing the frame (undue exposure)

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Exposure to noise in this operation is due to the use of compressed air riveting guns (for nails or staples, e.g. for installation, of edging to support window panes) and to a lesser extent, to other mechanised tools (e.g. screwers).

The former have noise peak rates of up to 105 dB, so that worker exposure will especially depend on the number and frequency of “shots” in the working shift.

The assembly stage, which may often (except as stated) not be very noisy, may also involve undue noise when there is a lack of specific separation in the building due to the noise produced by the operations for manufacturing the frames, in particular by the use of machines. This does not occur in small workshops, not because of separation, but due to the fact that only a few workers work on this stage after having personally dealt with the previous ones; in practice the work is not carried out simultaneously.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Hypoacusis due to noise.

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

More recent tools are less noisy, even though the noise from the riveting guns is impossible to eliminate altogether.

Compulsory wearing of ear defenders during the operation.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 19 DPR 303/56

D. Lgs. 277/91 – Chapter IV

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 9 - Physical agents – Unsuitable microclimate at the workplace (building site)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

The workers are exposed according to the season, climate (e.g. rain) and the geographical location (e.g. altitude) to unfavourable microclimatic conditions, especially in winter. The operations are generally undertake at building sites or in any case outdoors; the obvious exceptions are the installation of doors or other frames indoors.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Pathologies due to cold, in particular in the upper respiratory tract

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

The operation obviously depends on the order conditions. For work undertaken in seasons that are not so favourable, the workers will in any case be provided with suitable clothing, which generally consists in a larger number of garments and special garments (e.g. windbreakers, waterproof poncho).

Attention should be paid to cold hands (accident risks) and cold arms and legs when climbing up and down high buildings under construction.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 11 DPR 303/56

Art. 11 - 377 – 379 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 9 – Physical agents - Exposure to noise (mechanised tools)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

Compressed air riveting guns with portable compressor, portable shears, electric or battery screwers and drills.

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

The exposure a noise in this operation is due to the use of compressed air riveting guns (shooting of nails or staples for installation, e.g. in the installation of outer frames in the building under construction), to the use of portable shears (Leq about 90 dBA) and, to a lesser extent to other mechanised tools (e.g. screwers, drills).

For riveting guns there are noise impulse rates with peaks of up to 105 dB, so that worker exposure will depend especially on the number of “shots” fired in the work shift and their frequency. In any case, the time of use is in general limited with respect to the entire working stage.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Hypoacusis due to noise.

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

More recent tools are less noisy, even though the noise from the riveting guns is impossible to eliminate altogether.

Compulsory wearing of ear defenders during the operation.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

D. Lgs. 277/91 – Chapter IV

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 10 - Chemical agents – Exposure to inhaling wood dust (filter maintenance)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Because of the characteristics of the sector, maintenance of fire fighting equipment is important and is wholly governed by legislation. With regard to extinguishers, they are periodically inspected by an external firm, while the companies themselves must deal with any other installations (hydrants and hydrant systems, smoke detectors etc.).

Finally, the maintenance of the painting chambers is important, with periodical replacement of filters in dry chambers and of the water in the water-based systems.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Exposure to inhaling wood dust, during the removal and emptying of bag filters in silos or on machinery.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Irritation of respiratory tract.

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Since the operation is occasional, it requires the use of an antidust facemask and the normal practical precautions to avoid raising too much dust.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

The operation is undertaken directly by the workers

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 21 DPR 303/56

Art. 387 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 – Title IV

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 10 – Physical agents – Exposure to noise (sharpening machines)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Finally, the maintenance of the painting chambers is important, with periodical replacement of filters in dry chambers and of the water in the water-based systems.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

Grinder or “triangular” sharpeners. Mainly older design machines, since there is an increasing trend to replace the part or for external maintenance.

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Exposure to noise during the sharpening of blades, approximately with Leq over 85 dBA.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Hypoacusis due to noise

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Use of suitable Individual Protective Devices (ear defenders)

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

The sharpening of blades is an operation handled in many cases by specialised external firms (in about 90% of the firms in the sector), when the part is not actually replaced.

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

D. Lgs. 277/91 – Chapter IV

D. Lgs. 626/94 – Title IV

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 1 - Work organisation – Insufficient transit and working space

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

The fact that small workshops have limited space for storage areas and rooms, mechanical and manual handling and materials storage, as well as lack of visibility of the operations by workers or poor co-ordination between the workers, may lead to indirect risks of accidents from collision, falling of material, falling of persons, etc.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Multiple traumas (contusions, injuries) to various parts of the body; in particular the head is very much at risk due to potentially serious consequences.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

When better handling and storage spaces are unavailable, organisational procedures taking these risks into account are required when material is taken and moved, as well as preliminary agreement of workers as to the handling, routes and procedures.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 8 – 11 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 1 - Work organisation – Risks from manual handling of wood

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Risk deriving from the manual unloading and handling of boards by one or at best, two workmen. Risks related to the weight of the boards (this depends on the size, the type of wood and the degree of seasoning) and especially the amount of material involved in the operation and the frequency of the operation over time.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Acute backache.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

The use of mechanical equipment is possible for unloading (crane trucks) and transporting the wood (hand or motorised trolleys, but this obviously depends on the space available for handling and

The use of this equipment obviously depends on the presence of sufficient space for operating and passing, a problem which is significant.

In any case lifting of heavy boards (over 30 kg) by one worker only should be avoided, also for occasional operations. The transport and lifting in pairs, if combined with the correct posture, may prevent, if not fatigue, at least any consequences on the muscular-skeletal system.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 170 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 – Title V

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 2 - Work organisation – Insufficient transit and working space

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

The wood in boards is taken from storage and brought to the workshop for initial processing.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Multiple traumas (contusions, injuries) to various parts of the body; in particular the head is very much at risk due to potentially serious consequences.

Two accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

When better handling and storage spaces are unavailable, organisational procedures taking these risks into account are required when material is taken and moved, as well as preliminary agreement of workers as to the handling, routes and procedures.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 8 – 11 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 2 - Work organisation – Risks from manual handling of wood

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

The wood in boards is taken from storage and brought to the workshop for initial processing.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Acute backache.

Only one accident has been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

The use of mechanical equipment to transport material is possible and desirable if this operation occurs rather frequency. The use of this equipment obviously depends on the presence of sufficient space for operating and passing, a problem which is significant.

In any case lifting of heavy boards (over 30 kg) by one worker only should be avoided, also for occasional operations. The transport and lifting in pairs, if combined with the correct posture, may prevent, if not fatigue, at least any consequences on the muscular-skeletal system.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 170 DPR 547/55

D. Lgs. 626/94 – Title V

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 3 - Work organisation – Insufficient space and pathways around machinery

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Due to the risk features of this stage (noise, dust) this work is usually conducted in specially equipped workshops whenever possible, in any case in larger firms.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

The fact that small workshops have limited space room to move near machinery may involve indirect risks due to collision, falling material, involvement with moving mechanical parts, both for the worker assigned to the task and for others who may pass nearby.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

According to the type of event: if resulting from accidental collision there may be trauma, injuries, etc. the seriousness of which varies according to violence of the event and the parts of the body involved (head injuries may be of particular significance).

If due to accidental contact with mechanical parts, there may be injuries, sometimes serious, to the part of the body concerned.

Only one accident has been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

The ideal solution is obviously the relocation of the workshop in a more suitable environment. If this is not possible, even a simple analysis of the work organisation should be undertaken to revise the procedures and operations that are more likely to create risks.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 6 DPR 303/56

Art. 8 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 3 - Ergonomics – Skill and capacity of personnel (accident risks)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Due to the risk features of this stage (noise, dust) this work is usually conducted in specially equipped workshops whenever possible, in any case in larger firms.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

All machines for wood processing

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Work on basically manual machinery, where the worker is directly exposed in the vicinity of highly dangerous mechanical parts, implies a particular risk and preliminary assessment of the aptitude and capacity of the worker involved.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Serious or very serious injury (injuries, amputation) to upper limbs (in particular fingers) due to contact with sharp moving mechanical parts.

Eye injuries, sometimes serious and with permanent disability, or deep injuries to various parts of the body from wood splinters, projected against the worker at high speed.

Various injuries (injuries, cuts, amputation), in particular upper limbs, due to transmission parts.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

The use of machines must be reserved to persons who show not only operative capacity but also personal reliability (good physical and mental health, caution, etc.). Before using new machines, the worker should also be chosen on the basis of the risk characteristics of the machine itself, and suitable training not only for operational procedures but also for the specific risks derived from the use of the machine itself.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 4 DPR 547/55

Art. 4 DPR 303/56

Art. 3 – 37 – 38 D.Lgs. 626/94

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 3 – Difficult working conditions – Ergonomics of protection devices

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Due to the risk features of this stage (noise, dust) this work is usually conducted in specially equipped workshops whenever possible, in any case in larger firms.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Exposure to noise monitored inaccurately due to inadequate individual protective devices used.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Hypoacusis due to noise

No occupational disease directly due to this risk factor has been observed.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

The choice of individual protective devices must be made not only on the basis of the protective capacity of the device, but also on the ergonomics, according to the operation and its duration and frequency.

Otherwise there is a risk of incorrect use or failure to use, with possible serious exposure and injury.

For example, per occasional operations on very noisy machines ear defenders should be used, while if the noisy operations last longer, less heavy individual protective devices should be worn, especially in summer, such as earplugs of equivalent.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 377 DPR 547/55

Art. 42 D. Lgs. 626/94

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 4 - Work organisation – Inadequate space and pathways around the machines

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

In this stage the basic frame is created, determining the size and appearance. According to the technology available in the firm, processing may be automated to a certain extent.

With regard to the glue used in assembly, the typical vinyl glue for wood, water base for cold gluing, is used. This material is not usually risky for the users.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

If due to accidental contact with mechanical parts, there may be injuries, sometimes serious, to the part of the body concerned.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

The ideal solution is obviously the relocation of the workshop in a more suitable environment. If this is not possible, even a simple analysis of the work organisation should be undertaken to revise the procedures and operations that are more likely to create risks.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 6 DPR 303/56

Art. 8 DPR 547/55

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 4 – Ergonomic factors – Skills and capacities of personnel (accident risks)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

In this stage the basic frame is created, determining the size and appearance. According to the technology available in the firm, processing may be automated to a certain extent.

With regard to the glue used in assembly, the typical vinyl glue for wood, water base for cold gluing, is used. This material is not usually risky for the users.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

All machines for wood processing

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Serious or very serious injury (injuries, amputation) to upper limbs (in particular fingers) per contact with sharp moving mechanical parts. Eye injuries, sometimes serious and with permanent disability, or deep injuries to various parts of the body from wood splinters, projected against the worker at high speed. Various injuries (injuries, cuts, amputation), in particular upper limbs, due to transmission parts.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 4 DPR 547/55

Art. 4 DPR 303/56

Art. 3 – 37 – 38 D.Lgs. 626/94

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 4 - Difficult working conditions – Ergonomics of personnel protection devices

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

In this stage the basic frame is created, determining the size and appearance. According to the technology available in the firm, processing may be automated to a certain extent.

With regard to the glue used in assembly, the typical vinyl glue for wood, water base for cold gluing, is used. This material is not usually risky for the users.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Exposure to noise monitored inaccurately due to inadequate individual protective devices used.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Hypoacusis due to noise

No occupational disease directly due to this risk factor has been observed.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

The choice of individual protective devices must be made not only on the basis of the protective capacity of the device, but also on the ergonomics, according to the operation and its duration and frequency.

Otherwise there is a risk of incorrect use or failure to use, with possible serious exposure and injury.

For example, per occasional operations on very noisy machines ear defenders should be used, while if the noisy operations last longer, less heavy individual protective devices should be worn, especially in summer, such as earplugs of equivalent.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 377 DPR 547/55

Art. 42 D. Lgs. 626/94

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 5 - Difficult working conditions – Ergonomics of personnel protection devices

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

For some time, water-based treatment has been used, with obvious benefits for the environment, health risks and in the end also with excellent results with regard to appearance.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Exposure to harmful solvents with inaccurate monitoring due to inadequate individual protective devices used.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

The choice of individual protective devices must be made not only on the basis of the protective capacity of the device, but also on the ergonomics, according to the operation and its duration and frequency.

Otherwise there is a risk of incorrect use or failure to use, with possible serious exposure and injury.

For example, sometimes a partial mask (with adequate filters) may be sufficient and suitable rather than a whole mask, much heavier to wear in the summer although theoretically more protective.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 377 DPR 547/55

Art. 42 D. Lgs. 626/94

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 6 - Difficult working conditions – Incorrect posture

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

The operation is undertaken by hand, using fine grain sandpaper. A dusting stage may follow for the removal of the dust left on the product by the previous operation.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

Sanding table

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

The need to work manually on the product, following the shape, implies a considerable postural adaptability by the workers, often involving considerable strain for the muscular and skeletal system of the upper limbs and back. Any consequences that could derive from this will depend on the repetitiveness and duration of the operation.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Pathologies due to overloading of the arm, in particular involving the bone and tendon structure of the wrist and chronic pathologies of the spinal column.

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Use of equipment (work tables and sandpaper tables) of a suitable height according to how tall the worker is, so that the latter may have the best possible posture. In this regard, a specialised physician should provide training to give a few brief notions on postural ergonomics.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 3 D. Lgs. 626/94

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 7 - Difficult working conditions – Ergonomics of individual protective devices

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Obviously, these protective characteristics are much less important in the case of products for use indoors, where the appearance will be more important.

For the operations procedures and equipment similar to those in treatment are used; water-based products are increasingly used, especially outdoors.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Exposure to harmful solvents insufficiently controlled by the use of inadequate individual protective devices.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

No pathologies directly attributable to this risk factor have been reported.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

The choice of individual protective devices must be made not only on the basis of the protective capacity of the device, but also on the ergonomics, according to the operation and its duration and frequency.

Otherwise there is a risk of incorrect use or failure to use, with possible serious exposure and injury.

For example, sometimes a partial mask (with adequate filters) may be sufficient and suitable rather than a whole mask, much heavier to wear in the summer although theoretically more protective.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 377 DPR 547/55

Art. 42 D. Lgs. 626/94

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 9 - Work organisation – Lack of co-ordination between the firms

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Installation work at the building site may expose workers to non-specific risks deriving from organisational or safety drawbacks of other firms working there (bricklayers, electricians) or from the lack of co-ordination among the firms with regard to the timing and the use of equipment.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

T be assessed according to the type of event, normally an accident.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

The frame installers, if they are aware of having to work in hazardous conditions (e.g. lack of protection against falling, electrical risks, etc.) should refuse to undertake these operations unless they are sure of the safety standards of equipment and plant.

In any case, the contractor (or parties specifically set forth in the regulations, like the “safety co-ordinators” provided for under D. Lgs. 494/96) shall ensure co-ordination among the firms working at the building site, for which specific instructions must be provided (e.g. in the “safety and co-ordination plans” provided for under the same legislative decree).

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 7 D. Lgs. 626/94

D. Lgs. 494/96

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 9 - Work organisation – Risks due to manual handling of loads

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

No machinery or equipment is involved in this risk factor

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Workers who install frames may be exposed to risks from manual handling of loads, especially if they are specialised workers who therefore undertake this task often. The risk may also be “acute”, following operations to be undertaken and involving especially difficult positions or procedures.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Acute backache.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

The workers must always work in pairs, with at least one person being an expert, showing the other one the best operational procedures possible. There should be caution in difficult positions and for work in unfavourable climatic condition, since fatigue and continuous muscular strain over time may lead to a rise in accident risks.

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 170 DPR 547/55

Art. 48 – 49 D. Lgs. 626/94

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

Stage 10 - Ergonomic factors – Skills and capacities of personnel (accident risks)

Chapter 1 - “Working stage” -

Finally, the maintenance of the painting chambers is important, with periodical replacement of filters in dry chambers and of the water in the water-based systems.

Chapter 2 - “Equipment and machinery” -

All machines for wood processing

Chapter 3 - “Risk factor” -

Some maintenance operations on machines (for example replacement of blades), even if undertaken with the machine turned off and detached from the power supply, require familiarity with the machines since risks that are not directly visible and therefore hard to assess may be involved.

Chapter 4 - “Expected harm”-

Deriving from the type of event: due to contact with parts of machines or blades there may be injuries which are not normally serious except for any particular cases (e.g. tendon injuries).

Contact with parts under power may lead to serious or very serious injury (burns, cardiac arrest) due to the electrocution of both the workers directly involved and of any rescuers who fail to take proper safety measures when intervening.

No accidents have been recorded in the past 5 years for this risk factor.

Chapter 5 - “Intervention”-

Maintenance should be assigned to expert workers, who on the basis of experience implement all the necessary precautions for the operation. Use of individual protective devices (e.g. gloves).

Chapter 6 - “External contracting”-

No

Chapter 7 - “Legislation”-

Art. 4 – 383 DPR 547/55

Art. 4 DPR 303/56

Art. 3 – 34 D.Lgs. 626/94

Chapter 8 - “External risk”

This risk factor does not affect the external environment

NATIONAL DATABASE OF SECTOR RISK PROFILES

NAME

N° CASES

PRODUCTION CYCLE FOR WOODEN DOOR AND WINDOW FRAMES

WORK

STAGE

Painting &

& drying

Maintenance

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Stage 1 - Machines and equipment – Insufficient capacity of freight elevators

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Stage 1 - Electrical safety - Overall electric plant not suitable

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Stage 1 - Fire and explosion - Fire risk due to inflammable material

Chapter 1 – “Working stage”

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Chapter 6 – “External contracting”

Chapter 7 – “Legislation”

Chapter 8 – “External risk”

Stage 1 - Fire and explosion – Unsuitable fire-fighting systems

Chapter 2 – “Equipment and machinery”

Chapter 3 – “Risk factor”

Chapter 4 – “Expected harm”

Chapter 5 – “Intervention”

Chapter 6 – “External contracting””