PRINTERS AND ASSOCIATED TRADES

Mechanical safety

¡ : in order, under control

l : not in order, to be improved

Possible problems	Questions and hints	Action to be taken
Moving mechanical parts	¨ Are there machines with unprotected moving parts (drive belts, chains, trimming blades, etc.)?	¨ Tools and machines acquired after 1.1.1995 must be CE marked. J Cover moving parts. The machine must not start without safety devices.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
L	¨ Is it possible to be in the danger area while the machine is in motion?	¨ Prohibit access to the danger area by unauthorised persons * Hazardous areas to be clearly marked off (safety screens, etc.). Audible warming for machines and vehicles while reversing. Special care under certain circumstances (repairs, cleaning, maintenance, etc.)	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
Machine and equipment safety	¨ Is the operator sufficiently protected? ¨ Is there a stop button on each machine?	¨ Only use machines with adequate guarding and markings. ¨ Fit a emergency stop button to each machine.	¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Is the stock of machines regularly maintained?	¨ Provide periodic and preventive maintenance for the machines. Update maintenance and upkeep machine logbooks, including irregularities. Perform a daily visual check of the machine before starting work. * Notify and (order) repair (of) any fault as soon as possible. *	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are certain machines checked and marked? lifting machinery: mechanisms, structures safety belts lifting tackle and special equipment pressure vessels and steam machinery electrical systems	¨ Apply to the competent authority for periodic checks. annually for lifting machinery mechanisms, structures + safety belts. every 3 months for lifting tackle and sundry special equipment. see (Fire and) Explosion. see Electrical safety.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are machine operators trained? Has improper start-up been made impossible?	¨ Workers to be schooled and trained * to prevent any improper start-up, among other things. Safety instructions to be written in the operators' language.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Avoid any misuse of equipment.	¨ Provide training and instructions. Motors to be stopped before working on machinery Grilles and Plexiglas guards to be lowered to side frames	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Is the design of the control panel safe?	¨ Design controls to prevent any hazard specific to the operator. 2 handed controls for rotary machinery, guillotines or trimmers, folders, etc.	¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are there machines which are difficult to handle?	¨ Adapt the equipment to the operator (Ergonomics). Supply adjustable and well lit composition tables. Robotise laborious operations: sheet turner, etc.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
Hired equipment	¨ Does the equipment hired meet safety stipulations?	¨ CE marking to be required, among other things, in the hire contract. Review instructions and operator's manual before starting work. Use only equipment fitted with the necessary safety devices. Ask the hirer for the latest test certificate.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Does the workforce have adequate knowledge and training to work safely with the equipment hired?	¨ Only allow competent persons to operate hired equipment.	¡ l

Mechanical lifting	¨ Is the equipment (overhead cranes, blocks & tackle, cranes, lift trucks, chains, hooks, wire ropes, slings, etc.) in order?	Check the approved machine visually every day before operating *	¡ l
	¨ Have the operators been trained?	¨ Train the operators, among other things to: * · limit the operating speed of lifting machinery · keep unauthorised persons away from lifting machinery * · avoid ever passing under loads * · display and observe the safe working load of machines. *	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
Uncontrolled movement L	¨ Is it possible for objects to move out of control? · swinging loads · paper reels falling or dropping, etc. · stacked loads dropping · splashing, flashes, etc.	¨ Check objects for movement and load capacity J * · brace loads · stabilise paper, etc. · limit stacking height (e.g. a maximum of 1.50 m) · stabilise parts · protect personnel against splashing, flashes, etc. (IPE below)	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
Hazardous surfaces L	¨ Is there a danger of being cut? Are there blades, corners, points: sheet metal, cutting tools, edges of tanks, etc.?	¨ Cover to prevent cutting J Put pointed / sharp objects away after use. * Use the IPE below. *	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
Tools	¨ Is the equipment in good condition (suitable, robust, etc.)?	¨ Replace broken or worn equipment in good time.	¡ l
	¨ Are the appropriate tools being used?	¨ Use the tools designed for the job in hand	¡ l
	¨ Is CE marked and appropriate collective and individual protective equipment being used?	¨ Use collective and individual protective equipment with a CE mark: J · closures, screens, etc. · antistatic safety footwear · safety helmet among other things in storage, etc. · face screen · safety spectacles with suitable side screens · sleeved or extended gloves in material suitable for the purpose. · clothing, among other things apron for cleaning with solvent · appropriate and approved mask · ear defenders (instead of plugs)	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l

Transport safety

¡ : in order, under control

l : not in order, to be improved

Possible problems	Questions and hints	Action to be taken
External transport (on the public highway)	¨ Is transport of personnel and equipment on the road to work effected safely?	¨ Check the condition of vehicles regularly. Provide for periodic preventive maintenance and immediate repair of faults. Carry equipment and personnel separately. All vehicles to be properly and adequately marked.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Do all drivers of mobile plant have the required driving licences?	¨ Check drivers' licences and their abilities. · driver of a company vehicle + colleagues: medical selection · driver of a minibus with a seating capacity in excess of 9 persons: D licence · driver of other vehicles of more than 3.5 tonnes: C licence	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
Internal transport (on site) L - fork lift trucks - pallet trucks - machines - cars - pickup trucks - lorries - ........................... - workers - customers - visitors - pedestrians - cyclists - ........................... - equipment - materials - ...........................	¨ Is loading / unloading handled professionally and carried out on site?	¨ Loading and unloading to be carried out appropriately J * If possible loading / unloading area to be marked off properly * Activities on the public highway to be clearly marked * Use means of protection (such as tyres) for loading / unloading heavy plant. Enable lorry drivers to exit	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Is traffic organised?	¨ Separate working and traffic areas Maintain entrances / exits Clear obstacles from aisles Maintain and, if necessary, reinforce roadways Provide rules for drivers.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ In order? · road surface · crossings and aisles · markings (including for third parties) · visibility · hazardous areas · tidiness and cleanliness · access	¨ Fill holes, replace loose and broken slabs. ¨ Clear and clean aisles and crossings (by at least 80 cm). * ¨ Apply suitable markings ¨ Position mirrors, eliminate redundant vegetation, walls, etc. ¨ Clearly mark hazardous areas. ¨ Eliminate waste matter and refuse. ¨ Permit only authorised personnel to operate transport equipment. *	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are the operators trained?	¨ Train operators.	¡ l
	¨ Are certain means of transport misused?	¨ Use means of transport appropriately.	¡ l
	¨ Can transport cause any hazards?	¨ Transport may not cause any hazards.	¡ l
	¨ Is the means of transport in order?	¨ Visually inspect the machine daily before operating. *	¡ l
	¨ Are there hazardous situations as a result of overloading the means of transport?	¨ Display and observe safe loading and lifting capacities on the means of transport.	¡ l
	¨ Is there separation between pedestrians and transport?	¨ Prohibit access of unauthorised persons to the transport area *	¡ l
	¨ Does the driver have sufficient visibility?	¨ Fit additional mirrors to vehicles to eliminate any blind spots. Consider fitting a CCTV system to large vehicles.	¡ l ¡ l

	¨ Can the vehicle be emptied easily?	¨ Provide the necessary equipment to facilitate unloading. From the time of purchasing, take account of all operations to be performed with the vehicle including loading / unloading / cleaning.	¡ l ¡ l
Parking spaces for personnel.	¨ Are parking spaces provided for personnel?	¨ Parking spaces to be provided for personnel.	¡ l
Garage and materials storage L	¨ Are the garage and warehouse entrances / exits in order?	¨ Improve visibility at the garage exit. · position mirrors · eliminate vegetation · exit to public highway to be clearly indicated. · ...............................................................	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Space, markings, air changes in the garage and warehouse?	¨ Mark off the parking area. Provide sufficient crossings. Set out clear markings (including for third parties) Provide storage space for materials. Ventilation system to be installed in the garages for adequate ventilation (Lethal CO poisoning hazard!) J	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Surfaces, order, cleanliness, etc., garage, warehouse traffic areas?	¨ Fill holes and replace broken slabs. Dispose of oil and other waste legally and appropriately * Dispose of spillages legally and appropriately * .......................................................................................	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l

Electrical safety

¡ : in order, under control

l : not in order, to be improved

Possible problems	Questions and hints	Action to be taken
Electrical installations	¨ Is the power rating of the existing mains supply matched to the equipment?	¨ Match the mains supply to the equipment used.	¡ l
	¨ Is equipment subject to static electricity problems earthed? Antistatic bar?	¨ Earth equipment subject to static electricity problems. J ¨ Fit antistatic bars	¡ l ¡ l
L	¨ Are there sufficient safety devices: mains protection, automatic earth leakage circuit breaker, fuses, generator insulation, ................................................................................... ?	¨ Provide the necessary safety circuit breakers. Use a safe voltage (24V). Use a stamped hermetically sealed electrical cabinet. Have mobile equipment checked.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Is electrical equipment and wiring, plugs, terminals, leads and power sockets in order? Are they checked periodically? Are they subject to thermal imaging annually? Are they sealed? ¨ Is the electrical cabinet in perfect order?	¨ Carry out periodic checks, including annual thermal imaging of the following: · electrical equipment used · leads · cable sheaths · sealed wiring (CTMB-N, CTFB-N, H07RN-F,…) · sealed sockets · sealed electrical cabinet · raised and insulated generators. · ................................................................................ Replace defective equipment (cables, plugs, sockets, etc.).	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
Low voltage Power supply	¨ Is contact with underground or overhead power lines possible?	¨ Look up the construction records and the routing of conduits. Protect and / or mark existing lines which cannot be removed.	¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Is the power supply to emergency equipment (lighting, etc.) separate?	¨ Emergency equipment (lighting, etc.) to have a separate power supply. Look up the construction records for further information.	¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Is the power supply checked periodically?	¨ Arrange inspection by a competent authority as follows: · for low voltage and areas at risk from explosion: every 5 years · + during any alteration. · for high voltage: annually.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Is equipment suited to its environment as regards moisture, fumes and dust?	¨ Replace equipment unsuited to its environment.	¡ l
L	¨ Are special safety structures suitable for: · the environmental conditions · the fire and explosion risks?	¨ Draw up / obtain special safety instructions, including via the fire brigade and insurers (fire, etc.): · for the environment: moisture, fumes, dust. · for fire / explosion risks. · Ex intrinsically safe equipment, etc. J	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
High voltage L	¨ Is work carried out in the vicinity of (a) high voltage (room).	¨ Fit proper protection for high voltage equipment J	¡ l

Chemical safety

¡ : in order, under control

l : not in order, to be improved

Possible problems		Questions and hints	Action to be taken
Substances	L	¨ Is there an inventory record of substances in use and on site, with a Risk Inventory and Assessment (RIA)? ¨ Is there an RIA at least for the 8 main categories of dangerous substances or Hazardous Substances and Preparations (HSP): · as regards fire and explosion? 1) explosives (E) 2) extremely and easily inflammable (F+, F) 3) combustive or causing fire (O) · as regards health? 4) (very) toxic (T+, T) 5) noxious (Xn) 6) corrosive or etching (chemical burns) (C) 7) irritants (Xi) · environmentally? 8) dangerous to the environment (air, water, sun) (N) ¨ Are provisions observed in respect of monitoring (taking readings, observance of VL limit values, storage, use / handling, transport, waste treatment and first aid?	¨ Draw up a "hazardous substances" inventory record with RIA. This record will include the following, among other things, for each product: · Label · (Health and) Safety leaflet (FDS or MSDS) · Safety instructions leaflet (FIS) · Transport safety leaflet (FST or TREMCARD) · Quantity · Required authorisations or permits · Method and location of storage · Treatment of its waste · Inventory of asbestos · .............................................. ¨ Follow the instructions in the inventory record with the RIA regarding: * · monitoring / observance of limit values · storage: rooms which comply and are set aside for the purpose, etc. · use / handling · internal and external transport (see also Transport Safety) · disposal of hazardous waste through an approved purchaser · disposal of non hazardous waste in accordance with current regulations · first aid (see Organisation, etc.) If in doubt, check with the supplier or a competent authority. See applicable addresses at the end. Check the condition of substances at regular intervals (labelling, containers, etc.) * including those for decanting. Use a special siphon for the latter. * Restrict amounts stored at points of use to a day's supply. Avoid contaminated equipment (including IPE) and instruments. Close the container hermetically after use. After transfer or dilution, label the new container fully, clearly and indelibly (=user's responsibility, not the supplier's!). * If possible, avoid any dangerous reaction! In the event of contact, rinse abundantly with water!	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
- fuels: diesel, petrol, heavy oil, fuel oil, natural gas, ................................... - oils ................................... - fibres: asbestos, ceramic fibres - solvents: ................................... ................................... - cleaning products: detergents - paints, varnishes ................................... - adhesives: ................................... - inks: ................................... - resins: ................................... - pesticides: ................................... - heavy metals: ................................... - acids: ................................... - alkalis: ................................... - fumes / gasses: CO, smoke, exhaust gasses, ................................... - miscellaneous, photographic products ...................................

Emission, dispersion, contact with hazardous substances

Exposure risk

¨ Has the risk been eliminated at source using alternative solutions, substitution (replacement) of SPD, etc.?

¨ Use a purified or less hazardous substitute or replacement product ("clean safe and healthy product or process") J

For example, a cleaning solvent to be replaced with an aqueous detergent solution; a propane / butane aerosol (F+) with another using air, nitrogen or any other non flammable gas.

¨ Restrict dispersion and concentration of the substance (warning: dilute by pouring the substance into water and not the opposite!). *

¨ Keep (hyper) sensitive workers away via the medical screening department or adapt the work station to avoid exposure (Ergonomics)

¡ l

¨ Is the risk restricted through confinement, particularly for Discontinuous Hazardous Operations:

· cleaning, maintenance, repairs, etc.

· opening, closing,

· filling, loading, unloading, etc.

· spraying, boiling, evaporation, etc.

· working in a confined space (asphyxia !)

· leaking and overflowing

¨ Use closed circuit operation without exposure J

· Closed vessels, fully sealed

· Recycling, etc., solvents sealed in, etc.

· automation, etc.

¨ Limit duration and frequency of exposure.

¨ Limit the number of workers exposed.

¨ Compressed air mask and outside rescuer for work in a confined space! J

¨ Appropriate absorption / neutralisation material (possibly kit) (never sawdust!)

¡ l

¨ Is collective protection equipment used systematically?

¨ Avoid dangerous reactions (for (F) and (O), acids and alkalis, etc. *
separate storage, safety containers, screens, etc.).

¨ Evaluate exposure against limit values (monitoring) and cleanse the workplace, among other things, through local ventilation / extraction.

¡ l

¨ Are the following applied in practice and systematically?:

· hygiene measures

· information

· documentation

· training?

¨ Never eat, drink or smoke at the workplace *

¨ Check compliance with labels (decanting!) and instruction sheets. *

¨ Arrange "prevention of chemical risks" practical information sessions. *

¨ Special care with hazardous gasses / fumes / dust / waste and containers. *

¡ l

¨ Is Individual Protective Equipment (IPE) made available as required and actually used on site?

¨ Provide and verify actual use of appropriate IPE: *

· waterproof clothing

· gloves (with sleeves)

· suitable masks (with appropriate filters)

· safety spectacles (with side screens)

· face shield

· safety footwear

· special equipment

· ...............................

¡ l

L	¨ Offset (or litho printing)	J
	· Origination of litho plates
	- offset mounting in climate controlled workshop on a light table. § adhesive = glue + solvents: ketones, alcohols, etc. § cleaning products: acetone, etc.	· Air conditioning: see Biological safety · effective ventilation / extraction (small portable hood?) / A approved mask · effective ventilation / extraction (small portable hood?) / A approved mask	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	- offset repeat or transfer, etc. : Zn + anodised Al litho plate + wetting liquid: water + alcohol (isopropanol, glycerol) + bactericide (carcinogenic formol, quaternary ammonium compounds, etc.) § pre-sensitised: ammonium dichromate adhesive § pre-coated or acrylate photopolymer: allergen! § UV irradiation: irritant O₃ emission § dissolving in ethanol § photo development (see below) § Hydrogen fluoride HF correction: very deep and painful chemical burn! § anti-smudging litho plate protector: gum arabic: allergen!	· effective ventilation / extraction (small portable hood?) / A approved mask replace formol with thymol, O-phenylphenol · replace with a photopolymer without acrylate: test · effective extraction, ventilation, appropriate O₃ mask · adequate ventilation, restrict quantity · see Photography, below · replace with a less aggressive acid correction pencil (tests!) sleeved gloves and safety glasses with acid-proof side screens Treat HF burns with CALCIUM GLUCONATE! · replace with talc, CaCO₃, starch, lanolin paste, beeswax, vegetable oil · appropriate and tested gloves	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l

· Inks
- solvents: see below
- binders: thick varnish (linseed oil), alkyd resin, modified phenolic resin with rosin (allergen)	· give preference to pure linseed oil	¡ l
- mineral, vegetable, etc. suspension oil	· give preference to pure vegetable suspension, Vaseline, glycerol trioleate oils	¡ l
- desiccant and other additives: more or less toxic heavy metal naphthenates: Pb, Cr, Co / Cu, Mn	· give preference to manganese Mn, (Cu) naphthenate, much less toxic than the others.	¡ l
- UV curing agents: allergenic acrylates	· replace acrylates with other UV curing polymers: polyesters, etc. (tests)	¡ l
- pigments / dyes: § black: carbon § blues: Prussian blue or toxic ferric ferrocyanide § browns: oxides of iron brillfast brown § yellows: Cr yellow (Pb chromate), massicot (PbO), organic yellow (azoic dye with benzidine) § greens: chromium green (yellow Pb chromate + Prussian blue or phthalocyanine) § reds: molybdenum red / orange (basic chromates, molybdate, Pb sulphate), Cd red / orange (cadmium sulpho-selenide) § whites: lithopone (Zn sulphide + Ba sulphide) white Pb (basic Pb carbonate or ceruse, subject to regulation if not prohibition, etc.!)	· give preference to iron oxide · give preference to phthalocyanine blue (organic)? or ultramarine blue (Si, Al, Na + S oxides) · give preference to iron oxide (or a new yellow: composition, tests!) · give preference to phthalocyanine green (without Cr, which is carcinogenic and allergenic!) · give preference to iron oxide, or possibly an azoic red organic dye, magenta or fuchsin or rosaniline, etc.) or even cochineal (carminic acid): test!? · give preference to titanium white, TiO₂ or zinc white, ZnO	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
· Solvents
- Ink solvents: organic more or less toxic, light and abundant solvents, resulting in the emission of more or less toxic and abundant fumes (+ inflammable: see Fire and Explosion)	· Try water based inks (with water soluble binders and additives! Beware of alcohol based co-solvent and water pollution! · try "(super) high solids" inks with a low solvent content (> 70% of non volatile compounds) + considerable economic advantages · try heavier (higher boiling point) and less toxic solvents (higher VLEP limit value. (See below). · controlled overall ventilation · controlled local extraction · type A approved mask	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l

- Cleaning solvents, among others, for blankets, rollers, ink fountains, etc. of rotary presses

§ white spirits, naphthas, special spirits or benzines, chlorinated (TRI, TRI 111, PER, DCM), aromatic (toluene, xylene, etc.), acetates, glycol ethers (repro-toxic!)

§ ketones: acetone, methylethylketone MEK, methylisobutylketone MIBK

§ alcohols: methanol

§ vegetable product: composition?
greater viscosity or increased risk of falling in the event of spillage on the floor!

In all cases: emission of more or less toxic and abundant (+ inflammable: see Fire – Explosion) organic vapours

· Try an aqueous solution of detergents from a pressure jet.
Beware of additives, water pollution, the jet, etc.

· give preference to a white spirit or a heavy (flash-point > 55 °C) and de-aromatised naphtha, or even a heavier naphthenic or NMP (N-Methylpyrrolidone): tests!

· give preference to heavier cyclohexane, isophorone, alcohol diacetone (tests)

· give preference to ethanol, isopropanol, a diol or glycol (2-terpinol) or even a triol (glycerol (tests)

· obtain the composition of vegetable products
remove any spillage from the floor

· In all cases:

- controlled overall ventilation

- controlled local extraction

- type A approved mask, used in a controlled manner

- strong extended gloves, possibly of "surgeon type", to maintain manual dexterity

¡ l

L	¨ Flexography: solvent hazards!	J
	· Rubber seal or stamp principle, for packaging: printing plate made of vulcanised or thermoplastic (Sicoplast) rubber: allergy risk for some?	· Replace the "stamp" rubber with another non allergenic If this is not possible, assign the allergic person to another job with his / her agreement?	¡ l ¡ l
	· Engraved or moulded by imprint of a photogravure on zinc plate (see Photogravure, above) [sic, below?]	· see Photogravure, above
	· Glued to cylinder by rubber solution: solvents, hence emission of more or less toxic (and inflammable) vapours: see Fire – Explosion)	· See Offset, for solvents
	· Inks and solvents: see Offset - blue flexo ink, "aniline coloured" based on arylamine - dissolved in organic solvents (alcohols, acetates, glycol ethers, etc.)	· See Offset, for inks and their solvents · Replace with a water based ink. Beware of alcoholic co-solvent (inflammable!). see Offset	¡ l ¡ l
	· Cleaning of flexo plates: Cleaning solvents hence emission of more or less toxic (and inflammable: see Fire – Explosion) vapours See Offset	· See Offset, for cleaning solvents
L	¨ Gravure: acid and solvent hazards!	J
	· Manufacture of copper on steel plates	· Try laser or scanner engraving	¡ l
	- engraving by etching with strong very corrosive acid: emission of § NO_X (NO₂) with nitric acid HNO₃! § chlorine (Cl₂) with hydrochloric acid HCl!	· work under a controlled extraction hood · actual wearing of appropriate IPE: sleeved gloves, approved mask and safety glasses with anti-acid side screens	¡ l ¡ l
	- exposure to UV of "carbon paper" coated with a dichromate colloid: contact with carcinogenic and allergenic chromium? emission of ozone O₃?	· give preference to plastic coating (autofilm) + silver salts · controlled overall ventilation · sufficient air changes · controlled and effective extraction · O₃ masks available	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	· Inks and solvents: see Offset, etc. Beware: very fluid, hence in solution in light and abundant solvents! See Offset (toluene, acetates, MEK, etc.)	· See Offset etc. · Recycle solvents in closed circuit and strictly controlled conditions (See Fire – Explosion) + Major economic and ecological advantages!	¡ l

	Warning: rotary machines at high speeds (1 000 RPM!), hence emission of ink / solvent mists: dispersion in droplets enhances evaporation of solvents among other things, hence the risk of high concentrations C of more or less toxic vapours > Limit Values for Occupational Exposure, VLEP	· Protection against ink / solvent sprays: Monitoring: readings of C to be checked against VLEP If C > VLEP: rooms to be cleansed immediately by means of: controlled overall ventilation sufficient air changes effective and controlled extraction appropriate masks (type A) available	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l

L	¨ Photogravure: chromium and acid hazards!	J
	· Transfer of a photographic image to a copper plate + solvent resistant varnish
	- stripping with hydrochloric acid HCl	· Collective protection and anti-acid IPE: sleeved gloves, face screen or safety glasses with side screens, apron	¡ l
	- photosensitive adhesive with ammonium dichromate	· Substitution (tests)? or avoid any contact (IPE, etc.)	¡ l
	- photo repeat: exposure to UV arc lamp: O₃ P?	· Effective Ventilation / Air changes / Extraction O₃ masks available	¡ l
	- chromic acid HCrO₃ fixing	· Substitution (tests)? or avoid any contact (IPE, etc.)	¡ l
	- chemical engraving: perchloride of iron + TRI + caustic soda NaOH + HCl	· Collective protection and anti-acid IPE: sleeved gloves, face screen or safety glasses with side screens, apron	¡ l
	- electrolytic chromium plating: chromic acid HCrO₃!	· Substitution (tests)? or avoid any contact (IPE, etc.)	¡ l
	· Solvents: see Offset	· See Offset

L	¨ Screen printing (stencil): solvent and caustic hazards!	J
	· Screens on frames: silk or synthetic fabric (polyamide or nylon, polyester)	· Give preference to metallic fabric (stainless steel, brass, bronze)?	¡ l
	· Preparation of screens, among others, stencils: § direct: litho pencil, oil based ink brush or chlorinated rubber: polychloropropylene based on chloro-2-butadiene in solution ® toxic, allergenic and inflammable vapour emissions! (see Fire / Explosion) + cellulose adhesive or varnish + allergenic turpentine § stencil cutting: gummed lacquer paper or cellulose acetate + heat or solvent ® more or less toxic, (+ inflammable: see Fire / Explosion) vapour emissions § photomechanical: gelatine with dichromate, hence possible contact with carcinogenic and allergenic chromium	· Replace chlorinated rubber with pencil or brush Replace turpentine with heavy and de-aromatised white spirit See Offset for solvents See Fire / Explosion · See Offset for solvents See Fire / Explosion · Replace any product with chromates: tests! If not, avoid any contact using a closed circuit or appropriate IPE	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	· Printing on substrate by deposition of ink and spreading with squeegee blade: Inks: see Offset Beware of allergenic epoxy and polyurethane inks	· See Offset for inks · Replace with other inks: water or vinyl, alkyd, polyamide, cellulose, polyester, etc. based	¡ l
	· Ink drying: § solvent based ink: 60 to 600 °C ® emission of abundant more or less toxic (and inflammable: see Fire – Explosion) solvent vapours § UV ink, cured by reticulation-polymerisation of an acrylic monomer in acrylate, with a photo-initiator (benzophenone, etc.) and alcohol or phthalic diluent and additives: risk of irritation, allergy, irritant O₃ emission, etc.	· See Offset for solvents and inks: acetates, toluene, xylene, cyclohexanone, MEK, to be replaced by purified trimethylbenzenes, etc.? · Replace allergens, among others the acrylic monomer, with an unsaturated polymer reacting to UV, among others a polyester (tests!) · Trapping of ozone O₃, ventilation + O₃ masks available *	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	· Screen cleaning: § as required: brush or rag + solvent ® emission of more or less toxic (and inflammable: see Fire – Explosion) vapours § full: wash station ® emission of more or less toxic (and inflammable: see Fire – Explosion) vapours	· Use heavy solvents of low toxicity (see Offset) Verify use of appropriate IPE: strong "surgeon's" gloves (tests) as required (thin for dexterity), approved type B mask, etc. * · Automate in a sealed and ventilated wash area, with solvent recovery through controlled distillation + Substantial savings!	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l

	· De-engraving or screen renewal using § organic solvents: emission of more or less toxic vapours § oxidising products: bleach (NaClO, etc.): reaction with an acid ® potential chlorine Cl₂ emission! § strong alkalis: caustic soda NaOH, potash KOH ® chemical burns § water jet under pressure	· See Offset for solvents · Avoid any contact between bleach (alkaline) and acid * Effective extraction * Cl₂ mask available * · Dilute strong alkalis Replace with weaker alkalis Sleeved gloves and spectacles with anti-alkali side screens.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
L	¨ Letterpress: lead and aerosol hazards!	J
	· Relief characters in lead Pb + tin Sn + antimony Sb: repro-toxicity hazard (effects on human reproduction) of Pb!	· Protection against lead: replace letterpress with another graphic process. Failing this, controlled overall ventilation Local and effective extraction * Appropriate and tested IPE: strong gloves, "surgeon's" if required for dexterity approved anti-Pb mask, to be worn effectively *	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	· Characters to be cleaned with solvent ® emission of more or less toxic (and inflammable: see Fire – Explosion) vapours	· See Offset for solvents
	· Illustration using – photogravure	· See Photogravure above
	- UV curing photopolymer: ozone O₃ emission	· Appropriate and effective ozone extraction * Sufficient ventilation * Activated charcoal adsorption O₃ mask available	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	· Resinous oil based inks which may be allergenic, with metallic naphthenate based drying agent Beware of repro-toxic lead naphthenate! Beware of ink spray at high running speeds!	· Replace synthetic resin with a purified vegetable binder (linseed oil, etc.) · Replace lead naphthenate with a lead free naphthenate · Reduce the speed of rotary presses · Anti-spray mask	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	· Letterpress ink solvents: emission of more or less toxic (and inflammable: see Fire – Explosion) vapours	· See Offset for solvents
	· Anti-smearing / protector: beware of allergenic gum arabic!	· Replace with talc, limestone CaCO₃, etc.	¡ l

¨ Photography, reprography, photocopying: miscellaneous hazards

· Metallic compounds

§ decolouriser: chromic acid

§ blueprint toner: lead acetate, repro-toxic!

§ toner for saline paper: lead nitrate, repro-toxic!

§ platen toner: lead oxalate, repro-toxic / uranium nitrate

§ daguerreotype: toxic mercury vapour!

§ intensifier and stabilisers: mercuric chloride and iodide / uranium nitrate / sodium and potassium cyanides

· Customary substitution and precautions (see above)
+ recovery of precious metals (gold, silver, etc.)

· copper sulphate

· tannic acid

· gold chloride

· potassium chloride / silver nitrate

· potassium phosphate, iodine

· thymol / silver nitrate, gold chloride / potassium ferricyanide

¡ l

· Developers / fixers / processors

§ for black and white: aromatics, see above (diluent), phenolics

§ for colour: chromogens, caustic alkalis (NaOH, KOH, etc.)

· see above

· anti-caustic IPE: sleeved gloves and spectacles with side screens

¡ l

· Solvents

§ lacquer diluent and general cleaner:
aromatic ® carcinogenic benzene hazard! (leukaemia) + flammability (Fire / Explosion)

§ cinema film cleaner: toxic and inflammable dioxane

§ solvent for the manufacture of plates:
TRI(CHLOROETHYLENE) suspected carcinogen

· purified special spirit or benzine, mineral spirits, toluene, xylene, etc. (without benzene!): to be tested

· see above

· pre-sensitised water repellent plates

· see also Offset for solvents

¡ l

· Biocides

§ preservative disinfectants: CS₂, ethylene oxide, methyl bromide, toxic formols, among other things, carcinogenic!

§ fungicides, stabilisers: toxic phenol, PCP

· thymol, o-phenylphenol

¡ l

· Diazo copying, stencilling, duplicating fluids
irritant ammonia NH₃

· Overall ventilation, sufficient air changes *

Local efficient and effective extraction *

NH₃ mask available *

¡ l

· Photocopying, xerographic copying substances:
dry ink (powder): ozone O₃ emission!

· Photocopier to be maintained regularly *

Sufficient ventilation *

O₃ filter *

O₃ mask available

¡ l

L	¨ Binding and finishing, among other things with laminating: CO hazard!	J
	· Humidifying / Desiccating	· See Biological Safety
	· Adhesives with solvents: see Offset	· See Offset
	· Plastic welding: emission of more or less toxic, irritant fumes Warning: CO hazard, colourless, odourless, lethal gas!	· Overall and controlled ventilation * Sufficient air changes * Appropriate and effective local extraction * Monitored CO detection CO mask available *	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l

Biological Safety

¡ : in order, under control

l : not in order, to be improved

Possible problems	Questions and hints	Action to be taken
Biological agents: Micro-organisms - viruses - bacteria - moulds - parasites L	¨ Are certain "micro-organism nests" regularly maintained, cleaned and checked? Moulds, saprophytes, among others? Putrescible organic materials? Food or perishables? Biological water filtration? ...............................................	¨ Provide for strict periodic and preventive maintenance, cleaning and inspection in the following divisions and / or equipment J * · air conditioning unit(s) · humidifier(s) (for instance reducing relative humidity by x %) · water tanks(s) · filter(s) · air intakes · ducting · kitchen(s) · canteen(s) · sanitary facilities · food stores · biological processes (filtration of waste water, etc.) · ............................................................	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are surveillance and medical prevention being practised with regard to biological agents and · the risk of infection of wounds? · the risk of allergy to moulds? · the risk of toxin poisoning?	¨ The following prevention methods to be adopted in collaboration with the company doctor / medical service: · general prevention (through "biohazard" signs, among other things) * · supervision (through maintenance, cleaning, inspection, among others) * · strict hygiene * · vaccination: to be compulsory against tetanus · medical surveillance in respect of biological agents and - the risk of infection of wounds, to be disinfected at once! - the risk of allergy to moulds, among other things. - the risk of toxin poisoning · competent authority to be notified (Health and Safety) · ............................................................	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l

Possible problems

Questions and hints

Action to be taken

Biological agents: Micro-organisms

- viruses

- bacteria

- moulds

- parasites

¨ Are certain "micro-organism nests" regularly maintained, cleaned and checked?

Moulds, saprophytes, among others?

Putrescible organic materials?

Food or perishables?

Biological water filtration?

...............................................

¨ Provide for strict periodic and preventive maintenance, cleaning and inspection in the following divisions and / or equipment J *

· air conditioning unit(s)

· humidifier(s) (for instance reducing relative humidity by x %)

· water tanks(s)

· filter(s)

· air intakes

· ducting

· kitchen(s)

· canteen(s)

· sanitary facilities

· food stores

· biological processes (filtration of waste water, etc.)

· ............................................................

¡ l

¨ Are surveillance and medical prevention being practised with regard to biological agents and

· the risk of infection of wounds?

· the risk of allergy to moulds?

· the risk of toxin poisoning?

¨ The following prevention methods to be adopted in collaboration with the company doctor / medical service:

· general prevention (through "biohazard" signs, among other things) *

· supervision (through maintenance, cleaning, inspection, among others) *

· strict hygiene *

· vaccination: to be compulsory against tetanus

· medical surveillance in respect of biological agents and

- the risk of infection of wounds, to be disinfected at once!

- the risk of allergy to moulds, among other things.

- the risk of toxin poisoning

· competent authority to be notified (Health and Safety)

· ............................................................

¡ l

Fire and explosion

¡ : in order, under control

l : not in order, to be improved

Possible problems	Questions and hints	Action to be taken
Fire L	¨ Are needless sources of ignition avoided in processes? Beware: in printing the risk of Fire is EVER PRESENT!	¨ As far as possible avoid any needless source of ignition:	naked flames J * sparks .........................	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are there fire detection, alarm and extinguishing facilities?	¨ Install fire detection, alarm and extinguishing facilities including following the stipulations of the fire brigade and fire insurers: J · hydrants · hose reels · extinguishers · sprinklers · .......................		¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are the premises partitioned where necessary?	¨ Partition the premises where necessary. J Install extraction, refrigeration, air conditioning, heating, dryers and other large consumers of electricity outside workplaces. Restrict explosive substances (E), inflammable substances, (F), and combustive substances (O) and store them in a separate room. * Fit suitable fireproof doors and walls. J		¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are the escape routes in order?	¨ Clear and clean escape routes and emergency exits. *		¡ l
	¨ Are there evacuation plans?	¨ Provide pictograms and evacuation plans.		¡ l
	¨ Does the workforce have its attention drawn to fire prevention?	¨ Draw up fire alert and alarm procedures, apply and monitor them with instruction sheets, information sessions and evacuation exercises. *		¡ l
	¨ If possible, avoid potential sources of ignition in respect of the workforce.	¨ Collect greasy and dirty rags in metal waste bins with covers. * Generalise mandatory and recommended no smoking. * Do not create sparks or naked flames needlessly. *		¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Is flame cutting, welding, , etc., equipment used?	¨ Take the necessary fire prevention precautions and monitor them. J Enforce fire permits strictly, including for third parties! * Remove inflammable and combustive substances located in the vicinity. Place extinguishers to hand. Provide appropriate protective clothing (consult the supplier and competent authority).		¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are the gas cylinder regulators approved? Is there an anti-flashback device on acetylene cylinders and others?	¨ Use only approved regulators. Fit an anti-flashback device to acetylene cylinders and others.		¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are there any gas cylinders on their sides or not secured? Are some cylinders exposed to heat, including that of the sun? Are the cylinders stored outside and under cover?	¨ Only use gas cylinders vertical and secured. * Avoid exposing containers to shock and sources of heat (including the sun). * Store cylinders outside and under cover. * Separate full cylinders from empty ones. *		¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l

	¨ Is heating and supplementary heating protected against fire and do they meet legal requirements (burners, boilers, chimneys, etc.)?	¨ Have the heating checked and maintained regularly (this also saves energy and money!) Have the chimney swept. Retain certificates carefully.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Static electricity hazard (SE)?	¨ Ensure equipment at risk from static electricity is earthed: containers with agitated liquid, etc. J Obtain antistatic footwear and ensure it is worn. * Antistatic bars	¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Is fire considered to be a major accident risk? Let us remember that in printing it is EVER PRESENT!	¨ Give special attention to fire hazards as major accident risks. J Use (install, if necessary) fire resistant equipment.	¡ l ¡ l
Explosion L	¨ Are there any pressure vessels? Is there a compressor Anything else?	¨ Arrange for statutory checks on pressure vessels J · pressure vessel £ 300 litres and fixed gas tank: every 5 years · start-up tank (engines) and safety valves: every 10 years · mobile gas tanks: according to the type of gas · LPG cylinders: before each refill · CO₂ extinguishing cylinders: annually · steam generators: according to type · compressed air tanks: every day! · ..............................................................	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are explosive (E) substances and / or mixtures avoided (or at least restricted)?	¨ Avoid or at least restrict (E) substances and / or mixtures	¡ l
	¨ Are explosive (E), inflammable (F) and combustive (O) substances stored separately?	¨ Store (E), (F) and (O) substances separately. * Store acetylene (E and F) and oxygen (O) cylinders separately. *	¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are explosions considered to be a major accident risk? In printing it is also EVER PRESENT!	¨ Give special attention to the risk of explosions as a major accident risk. J Use (install, if necessary) Ex intrinsically safe equipment.	¡ l ¡ l

Falls

¡ : in order, under control

l : not in order, to be improved

Possible problems	Questions and hints	Action to be taken
Personnel falls L	¨ Is active protection against falls practised?	¨ Place guarding and markings around: J · cavities · significant inclines · holes in the floor · .................................. Use guarding to prevent personnel falls if no screen can be put in place................................. *	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Can people fall, slip, stumble or simply strain themselves as a result of: · cluttered, dirty, slippery aisles and floors · cavities or holes in the floor · a poor subfloor · the weather (wet, frozen floor) · raised workplaces · working overhead · parts, materials, etc., lying about · unsuitable footwear.	¨ Provide: · unobstructed and clean aisles and floors * · continuous flooring · a proper subfloor · anti-slip safety footwear * · proper railings or guarding: double guardrails · protection against falls (in all cases above 2 m height) * · proper warehouses and workshops properly checked. * · suitable antistatic safety footwear, with marked soles *	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are ladders in good condition?	¨ Use ladders with non-slip feet. * Check ladders periodically * Place ladders at the correct angle *	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are stairs in good condition?	¨ Check, maintain and repair stairs. Fit handrail and nosing to stairs.	¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Is scaffolding in good condition?	¨ Check the stability and soundness of scaffolding at regular intervals. Anchor scaffolding if possible.	¡ l ¡ l
Falling equipment, materials, loads L	¨ Is it possible for loads, equipment, materials, etc. to fall during transport in a warehouse or workshop?	¨ Ensure stable transport (tie down loads if possible) * Attach loads, equipment, materials, etc. all over J * Wear a [safety] helmet in warehouses, workshops, etc. * Do not allow persons to walk under loads. *	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l

Possible problems

Questions and hints

Action to be taken

Personnel falls

¨ Is active protection against falls practised?

¨ Place guarding and markings around: J

· cavities

· significant inclines

· holes in the floor

· ..................................

Use guarding to prevent personnel falls if no screen can be put in place................................. *

¡ l

¨ Can people fall, slip, stumble or simply strain themselves as a result of:

· cluttered, dirty, slippery aisles and floors

· cavities or holes in the floor

· a poor subfloor

· the weather (wet, frozen floor)

· raised workplaces

· working overhead

· parts, materials, etc., lying about

· unsuitable footwear.

¨ Provide:

· unobstructed and clean aisles and floors *

· continuous flooring

· a proper subfloor

· anti-slip safety footwear *

· proper railings or guarding: double guardrails

· protection against falls (in all cases above 2 m height) *

· proper warehouses and workshops properly checked. *

· suitable antistatic safety footwear, with marked soles *

¡ l

¨ Are ladders in good condition?

¨ Use ladders with non-slip feet. *

Check ladders periodically *

Place ladders at the correct angle *

¡ l

¨ Are stairs in good condition?

¨ Check, maintain and repair stairs.

Fit handrail and nosing to stairs.

¡ l

¨ Is scaffolding in good condition?

¨ Check the stability and soundness of scaffolding at regular intervals.

Anchor scaffolding if possible.

¡ l

Falling equipment, materials, loads

¨ Is it possible for loads, equipment, materials, etc. to fall during transport in a warehouse or workshop?

¨ Ensure stable transport (tie down loads if possible) *

Attach loads, equipment, materials, etc. all over J *

Wear a [safety] helmet in warehouses, workshops, etc. *

Do not allow persons to walk under loads. *

¡ l

Physical safety

¡ : in order, under control

l : not in order, to be improved

Possible problems	Questions and hints	Action to be taken
Full body vibration, L	¨ Do certain workers require to remain sitting for long periods in machinery or vehicles? · lorries · fork lift trucks · ..................................	¨ Place shockproof vibration damping seats in machines and vehicles. J Investigate the possibility of setting up a job rota (driver / attendant, etc. roles). Check vibration control when purchasing new equipment.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Significant vibration around machines?	¨ Apply a floor covering to dampen vibration around machinery.	¡ l
Hand / arm vibration, L	¨ Are tools used which expose the worker to vibration (insetting machines, counters)?	¨ Only purchase anti-vibratory tooling. J Consider introducing job rotation.	¡ l ¡ l
Work and working postures L	¨ Is heavy manual work carried out? ¨ Does it involve difficult working postures? · hunched for extended periods · repetitive action	¨ Avoid heavy manual work as far as possible J ¨ Provide information on proper working posture and use of tools suited to a given task. ¨ Automate excessively difficult work: sheet turning, etc.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
Loads L	¨ Do heavy loads require to be handled? · lifting loads > 30 kg: paper, etc.? · emptying / filling bins and the like. ¨ See also Transport Safety: Internal transport.	¨ Use equipment: pallet / fork lift trucks, sack barrows, load clamps etc. * Fit handles to bins Reduce lifting heights, weights, etc., etc. Raise working surfaces, cabinets, etc. Provide training and information on back saving techniques. J	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
Noise L	¨ Are workers exposed to a great deal of noise? · rotary machines: presses · cutters or trimmers · folders · insetting-stitching machines · binders · counter-stackers · extractors, extraction.	¨ Apply sound deadening and noise screens where possible and >85 dB(A) J in any event: · machine encapsulation · low speed blade and diagonal cut trimming · noise screens, plastic cover sheets · appropriate individual hearing protection: ear defenders (rather than plugs) * · regular equipment maintenance · acoustic isolation (matter of weight!)	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Does the noise mask danger signals (e.g. fire alarm)?	¨ Use danger warnings, both visual as well as audible where possible.	¡ l
Contact with heat L	¨ Risk of burning when working with heat sources: · naked flames · hot surfaces · liquids / fumes /steam / gasses · supplementary heating · exhausts	¨ If possible, avoid naked flames and the like J Carefully cover and insulate heat sources (+ savings!): · naked flames · hot surfaces · liquids / fumes /steam / gasses · supplementary heating · exhausts	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Is the appropriate IPE being used?	¨ Use the appropriate IPE: gloves, footwear, clothing, etc. *	¡ l
	¨ Is the presence of unauthorised persons in the vicinity avoided?	¨ Presence of unauthorised persons to be avoided, including personnel working in the vicinity.	¡ l

Possible problems

Questions and hints

Action to be taken

Full body vibration,

¨ Do certain workers require to remain sitting for long periods in machinery or vehicles?

· lorries

· fork lift trucks

· ..................................

¨ Place shockproof vibration damping seats in machines and vehicles. J

Investigate the possibility of setting up a job rota (driver / attendant, etc. roles).

Check vibration control when purchasing new equipment.

¡ l

¨ Significant vibration around machines?

¨ Apply a floor covering to dampen vibration around machinery.

¡ l

Hand / arm vibration,

¨ Are tools used which expose the worker to vibration (insetting machines, counters)?

¨ Only purchase anti-vibratory tooling. J

Consider introducing job rotation.

¡ l

Work and working postures

¨ Is heavy manual work carried out?

¨ Does it involve difficult working postures?

· hunched for extended periods

· repetitive action

¨ Avoid heavy manual work as far as possible J

¨ Provide information on proper working posture and use of tools suited to a given task.

¨ Automate excessively difficult work: sheet turning, etc.

¡ l

Loads

¨ Do heavy loads require to be handled?

· lifting loads > 30 kg: paper, etc.?

· emptying / filling bins and the like.

¨ See also Transport Safety:

Internal transport.

¨ Use equipment: pallet / fork lift trucks, sack barrows, load clamps etc. *

Fit handles to bins

Reduce lifting heights, weights, etc., etc.

Raise working surfaces, cabinets, etc.

Provide training and information on back saving techniques. J

¡ l

Noise

¨ Are workers exposed to a great deal of noise?

· rotary machines: presses

· cutters or trimmers

· folders

· insetting-stitching machines

· binders

· counter-stackers

· extractors, extraction.

¨ Apply sound deadening and noise screens where possible and >85 dB(A) J
in any event:

· machine encapsulation

· low speed blade and diagonal cut trimming

· noise screens, plastic cover sheets

· appropriate individual hearing protection: ear defenders (rather than plugs) *

· regular equipment maintenance

· acoustic isolation (matter of weight!)

¡ l

¨ Does the noise mask danger signals (e.g. fire alarm)?

¨ Use danger warnings, both visual as well as audible where possible.

¡ l

Contact with heat

¨ Risk of burning when working with heat sources:

· naked flames

· hot surfaces

· liquids / fumes /steam / gasses

· supplementary heating

· exhausts

¨ If possible, avoid naked flames and the like J

Carefully cover and insulate heat sources (+ savings!):

· naked flames

· hot surfaces

· liquids / fumes /steam / gasses

· supplementary heating

· exhausts

¡ l

¨ Is the appropriate IPE being used?

¨ Use the appropriate IPE: gloves, footwear, clothing, etc. *

¡ l

¨ Is the presence of unauthorised persons in the vicinity avoided?

¨ Presence of unauthorised persons to be avoided, including personnel working in the vicinity.

¡ l

Contact with cold

¨ Risk of frostbite, and the like when working with cold sources:

· refrigerant liquids

· refrigeration plant, etc.

¨ Carefully cover and insulate cold sources (+ energy and monetary savings!):

· refrigerant liquids

· refrigeration plant, etc.

Use the appropriate IPE (gloves, footwear, insulating clothing, etc.)

¡ l

Environment

¨ Is work carried out under extreme conditions?

· great heat

· cold

· rain

· draughts

¨ Work flexible hours to avoid extreme conditions

Provide for changes of air (fans, etc.)

Provide heating

Provide for air to be renewed and the proper relative humidity (40 – 70%).

¨ Provide suitable clothing

Supply beverages as required (hot or cold).

¡ l

Lighting

¨ Is there adequate and appropriate lighting everywhere (intensity, contrast, colour rendering, etc.)?

¨ Install adequate and appropriate lighting.

Special areas in particular to be lit (fine work, composition tables, offset repeat; stairs, stores, exteriors, repairs, maintenance, confined spaces, etc.).

Avoid dazzle on entry / exit from rooms.

¡ l

¨ Is there emergency lighting?

¨ Install and regularly test emergency lighting.

¡ l

¨ Is there a risk of explosion? (See Fire, etc.)

¨ Install Ex intrinsically safe lighting where there is a risk of explosion.

¡ l

Communal facilities

¨ Is there a canteen, changing rooms, washrooms and sanitary facilities?

¨ Communal facilities to be clean, accessible and safe

· canteen

· changing room(s)

· washrooms

· sanitary facilities

¡ l

¨ Are the facilities clean and hygienic?

¨ Facilities to be cleaned regularly (daily)

Hot water supply to be placed outside the washroom (lethal CO risk!).

Provide proper ventilation of the facilities.

Have heating and hot water supply maintained and adjusted regularly by an approved tradesman. Retain certificates carefully.

¡ l

Radiation

¨ Is work carried out using ionising or non-ionising radiation.

UV rays for ink curing?

for exposure of plates?

¨ Ensure there is suitable protection (screens and IPE of appropriate material: *
anti UV, IR etc. spectacles, face mask apron, etc.) against: J

· X rays

· UV rays + irritant ozone O₃ release (see Chemical Safety)

· laser rays

· IR rays

· radio waves, microwaves, etc.

¡ l

Electromagnetic fields (emg)

Is work being carried out in or using emg fields?

¨ Provide appropriate protection against:

· surrounding high voltages

· large magnetic fields

· high frequency fields

¡ l

Health

¡ : in order, under control

l : not in order, to be improved

Possible problems	Questions and hints	Action to be taken
Occupational diseases and industrial accidents L	¨ Do employees suffer from occupational diseases? 1) Closed system, with list: · (specific) chemical agents, (poisoning, asphyxia, etc.) · skin diseases or dermatoses (contact eczema, allergies: acrylates, chrome, etc.) · dust inhalation (respiratory ailments: asbestosis, silicosis, allergy, etc.) · infections (biological agents) (legionellosis, tetanus, etc.) · physical agents (vibration, noise and occupational deafness, pressure, etc.) 2) Open system, without list: · MSD (Musculoskeletal disorders: back pains, tendinitis, arthroses) · latex asthma · other:.....................	¨ Occupational diseases and industrial accidents are signs of a deficiency in the organisation, protective equipment and / or personnel training. Together with the external safety and accident prevention service, conduct a survey and draw up a record of industrial accidents and occupational diseases. Based on this, draft the required action to improve health and safety. J	¡ l
	¨ What are the most frequent industrial accidents? · falls (ink, oil, etc. spillage) · pinching, contusions, etc. · lumbago, back injuries · chemical burns · poisoning · cuts	¨ Take action to prevent the most frequent industrial accidents: · .............................................. · .............................................. · .............................................. · .............................................. · ..............................................	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ What is the extent of absenteeism due to illness and personnel turnover? Is there an alcoholism or a drug problem?	¨ Place personnel under medical surveillance. Especially persons in contact with chemical, biological and physical agents (see list in the first question) and those assigned to security jobs. Consult several authorities on the fight against industrial accidents, occupational diseases, fire / explosions and absenteeism: outside health and safety agency, insurers, social services, inspectorates, approved bodies, fire brigade, information / documentation centres.	¡ l ¡ l

Stress

¨ (Over) Stress may be caused by:

· night-time working

· shift working

· irregular working hours

· unforeseen stops / interruptions

· working against the clock, too high a work rate

· the absence of the ability to anticipate

· the need to take important decisions in the absence of a superior

· excessive demands

¨ Draw up proper work plans, with the necessary breaks J

Ensure proper attendance.

Supply proper equipment.

The right person in the right place! (Ergonomics).

· Allow anticipation, a certain degree of autonomy, etc.

· Do not require important decisions to be taken in the absence of the person in charge.

· Do not impose excessive demands.

¡ l

¨ Does the use of an item of equipment demand too much from personnel?

¨ Match the use of each item of equipment to suit personnel capabilities.

(Ergonomics!)

¡ l

Relational stress / Human factors

¨ Is there conflict between colleagues?

Do workers receive feedback on their work (positive or negative)?

¨ Put a well thought out recruitment policy into practice J

The right person in the right place!

Exercise care in putting groups and shifts together.

¡ l

¨ Can certain problems be dealt with?

Is there a high level of absenteeism or personnel turnover?

¨ Incline towards open-mindedness. Practise continuous improvement. *

Encourage internal communication, feedback and motivation. *

¡ l

VDU work

¨ Are the characters of the proper size, contrast and clarity?

Is there flickering or reflections in the screen?

¨ Adopt the correct posture and positioning.

· with suitable characters (size, contrast, clarity)

· without flickering or reflections (windows, etc.!)

¡ l

¨ Is there suitable medical supervision?

¨ Implement suitable medical supervision: for instance, eye tests and corrective means.

¡ l

First-aid

¨ Is / are there (a) first-aid kit(s)?

¨ Is there a trained and practised first-aider?

¨ See also "Organisation, etc."

¨ Purchase first-aid kits (at least 1 per workshop).

¨ Ensure a trained and practised first-aider is present. J

¨ See "Organisation, etc."

¡ l

Organisation, policy and environment

¡ : in order, under control

l : not in order, to be improved

Possible problems	Questions and hints	Action to be taken
Health and safety	¨ Are the health / safety and other measures in the job record (schedule of requirements) observed?	¨ Before starting work, examine technical and statutory literature in detail: legislation, drawings, diagrams, instructions, manuals, operational methods, codes of practice, job record, schedules of requirements, etc.	¡ l
	¨	¨ Check the existence of and compliance with safety precautions and procedures.	¡ l
	¨ Are all industrial accidents, incidents and occupational diseases recorded?	¨ Record all industrial accidents and occupational diseases. ¨ Make an inventory of near misses/ incidents which foreshadow occupational risks	¡ l ¡ l
Machine, equipment and product purchases L	¨ Are safety and ease of use of a machine, an item of equipment and a product evaluated before purchase?	¨ Evaluate machines, equipment and products in detail in respect of safety and ease of use before acquisition. Invite input from the workforce. Allow workers to test the equipment. Keep abreast of new developments in health, safety and [working] environment. J	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
Access to premises / Surveillance / Protection / Security	¨ How are third parties, visitors and customers received?	¨ Make provision for reception and surveillance for third parties, visitors and customers. Record and accompany all third parties, visitors and customers. Provide a loading / unloading area for third parties, customers, etc.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Is security (protection of assets and persons) provided?	¨ Make provision for the protection of assets (plant and goods) and persons ("Security")	¡ l
Work with third parties L	¨ Are employees of third parties fully aware of the risks and safety precautions?	¨ Arrange co-ordination meetings and information sessions about the specific risks and safety regulations applicable to third parties or subcontractors. *	¡ l
Order and cleanliness	¨ Does each material have a specific storage location?	¨ Provide a storage location for each material / item of equipment *	¡ l
	¨ Are the working areas cleaned regularly?	¨ Keep all working areas clean, including around machines (oil, ink, oil based * vegetable solvents, etc.).	¡ l
Permits / authorisations	¨ Are the required permits in order?	¨ Is there an existing permit which is observed for: · (temporary) storage of waste / products · discharge of waste water · emissions to atmosphere · operations · working with flames ("fire permit") · other special work (confined space, etc.)	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l

Instructions to workers (training)

¨ Are procedures easily understandable?

¨ Are safety procedures followed?

By special categories of workers, among others: youngsters, new recruits, trainees, working students, temporary workers, pregnant women, the disabled, etc.

¨ Is meticulous information / training provided, among other things, for these persons?

¨ Draw up simple procedures in the language of the workforce.

¨ Provide training and information, among other things, to youngsters, new recruits, trainees, working students, temporary workers, pregnant women, the disabled, etc. on, among other things, the complex aspects of: *

· co-ordination and communication at work.

· chemical and electrical hazards.

· operating machines.

· traffic.

· back-saving lifting techniques.

· new technology (bonding, drying, etc.).

¡ l

Collective and individual protective equipment (IPE)

¨ Is IPE (Individual Protective Equipment) and collective protective equipment available for the various activities?

Is IPE broken or in poor condition?

¨ Draw up a list of the protective equipment required (IPE individual protective equipment as well as collective) by job type. J

Find out from the competent authorities about remaining questions (medical officer, approved bodies, insurers, inspectorates, applicable addresses).

Make individual protective equipment available to workers.

Check the condition of protective equipment regularly and replace rejects.

¡ l

¨ Is IPE used in practice?

Is the workforce consulted when selecting IPE?

Are they tested by them?

Is their opinion taken into account?

¨ Explain the importance and use of IPE, including via audio-visual means. *

Give the workforce a say in the choice of IPE.

Give the workforce the opportunity of testing the IPE.

Take note of and use their comments when selecting and ordering.

¡ l

¨ Is the IPE suited to the type of work?

¨ Check the job file to verify the need for special protective equipment (acid-proof, noise protection: ear defenders instead of plugs; breathing protection, etc.)

¡ l

Personnel motivation (in health and safety) Human Factors

¨ Do certain workers have problems with safety precautions?

· abuse or failure to use IPE

· dangerous behaviour

· failure to observe safety instructions

Have dangerous situations been created by worker negligence?

¨ Discuss safety issues J

Arrange interactive and ongoing information sessions regarding *

· IPE

· dangerous behaviour and its consequences

· clear and applicable safety instructions

· clear safety markings and labels, etc.

¡ l

¨ Is the workforce informed about hazards?

¨ Inform the workforce about hazards. *

Give clear instructions among other things on the use of protective equipment. *

Have personnel practise working with protective equipment. *

¡ l

¨ Do personnel participate in [accident] prevention policy?

¨ Give personnel a say in safety decisions (suggestions box). J

¡ l

Emergencies – First-aid L	¨ Is the workforce informed of action to be taken in the event of fire / explosion, an accident, illness, an emergency, substance spillage and technical problems?	¨ Draw up emergency procedures for cases of fire / explosion, accidents, illness, injuries, substance spillage, technical difficulties. Provide sufficient telephone extensions, etc. Arrange fire fighting drills. * Arrange evacuation drills. * Install a chemical absorption / adsorption kit * Install warm safety showers and eye washing fountains as appropriate (water at 22 – 23 °C). Make bottles of eyewash available, with DIPHOTERINE TM, among other things.	¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Is anybody capable of administering first-aid?	¨ Ensure there is a first-aider and train him / her. * Provide "first-aid" training for the workforce. *	¡ l ¡ l
	¨ Are there sufficient complete emergency kits?	¨ Provide a complete emergency kit for each workshop.	¡ l
	¨ Is there an emergency plan?	¨ Draw up and distribute an emergency plan. J	¡ l

Signature and details of the author

v Name:......................................................................................................................................

v Position:...................................................................................................................................

v Business / Company / Body:.....................................................................................................

v Branch / Head Office:...............................................................................................................

v Address: Number:......................... Street:.................................................................................

Town:..................................................................................... Postcode:.................

Country:...................................................................................................................

v Telephone:...............................................................................................................................

v Fax:.........................................................................................................................................

v e-mail:......................................................................................................................................

v Drafted at : …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

v On: ……/……/……..

v Signature

Employee	Main activity	Main risk	h/day	Secondary activity	Secondary risk	h/day	Details ⁽¹⁾
E.g. Pierre F.	lift truck driver	back disorders	6	maintenance	dermatosis	2	specific training
E.g. Eric V.	electrician	electrocution	8				temporary worker

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Action indicated with the * symbol is to be the subject of an explanatory meeting for the benefit of employees. The questions and hints should help you better to locate the problem and assess the risks. The checklist: explanations

Mechanical lifting

Emission, dispersion, contact with hazardous substances

¨ Offset (or litho printing)

¨ Flexography: solvent hazards!

¨ Gravure: acid and solvent hazards!

¨ Photogravure: chromium and acid hazards!

¨ Screen printing (stencil): solvent and caustic hazards!

¨ Letterpress: lead and aerosol hazards!

¨ Photography, reprography, photocopying: miscellaneous hazards

¨ Binding and finishing, among other things with laminating: CO hazard!

Biological agents: Micro-organisms

Contact with cold

Stress

Instructions to workers (training)

Emergencies – First-aid

Action indicated with the * symbol is to be the subject of an explanatory meeting for the benefit of employees.

The questions and hints should help you better to locate the problem and assess the risks.

The checklist: explanations